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| APPLICATION RESEARCH AND ENLIGHTENMENT OF SOPARC IN WESTERN COUNTRIES |
| XU Yan1,2, YU Bin1, LI Jiang-min3, ZHU Lei1, CHEN Guo-lei1 |
1. Key Laboratory for Geographical Process & Simulation of Hubei Province, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China;
2. College of Environmental Science and Tourism, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China;
3. College of Management, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China |
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Abstract With the further study of outdoor recreation, it is much important to obtain effective recreation activity and contextual information. McKenzie developed SOPARC (system for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities) which can obtain observational data on the number of participants and their physical activity levels during physical activity and leisure opportunities in community environments. SOPARC were gradually used in the studies of public parks in western countries. Identifying the demographics and physical activity levels of park users could inform park promotions and programming and be used to develop interventions to promote physical activity and reduce sedentary behavior through park use. Based on literature review, this paper describes origin and conception of SOPARC in western countries. At the same, it also analyzes application results of SOPARC in western countries, summarize its research method and research object. The recent research on SOPARC is focused on the following four aspects:1) research on various types of recreationists (different age, gender, race/ethnicity); 2) research on different recreational activities (physical activity, shopping, entertainment, walking the dog); 3) research on many types of recreational places (different country, park, area); 4) research on recreational environment facility planning and management.
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Received: 06 April 2017
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Reed J A, Arant C A, Wells P, et al. A descriptive examination of the most frequently used activity settings in 25 community parks using direct observation[J]. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 2008,5(1):183-195.
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Evenson K R, Shay E, Williamson S. Use of dog parks and the contribution to physical activity for their owners[J]. Research Quarterly For Exercise and Sport, 2016,87(2):165-173.
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Ramos W D, Ross C M. Indoor waterpark:An examination of physical activity level and use patterns of youth participants[J]. Internal Journal of Aquatic Research & Education, 2013,7(3):238-253.
|
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Glyptis S, Chambers D. No place like home[J]. Leisure Studies, 1982,1(3):247-262.
|
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Ramos W D, Ross C M. Indoor waterpark:An examination of physical activity level and use patterns of youth participants[J]. Internal Journal of Aquatic Research & Education, 2013,7(3):238-253.
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|
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Bialeschki M D, Henderson K. Leisure in the common world of women[J]. Leisure Studies, 1986,5(3):29-46.
|
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Evenson K R, Shay E, Williamson S. Use of dog parks and the contribution to physical activity for their owners[J]. Research Quarterly For Exercise and Sport, 2016,87(2):165-173.
|
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Temple V, British C, Rhodes R. Unleashing physical activity:An observational study of park use, dog walking, and physical activity[J]. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 2011,8(6):764-766.
|
| [16] |
Shores K A, West S T. Physical activity outcomes associated with African American park visitation in four community parks[J]. Journal of Park & Recreation Administration, 2008,26(3):75-92.
|
| [26] |
Temple V, British C, Rhodes R. Unleashing physical activity:An observational study of park use, dog walking, and physical activity[J]. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 2011,8(6):764-766.
|
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Tu H, Liao X, Schuller K, et al. Insights from an observational assessment of park-based physical activity in Nanchang, China[J]. Preventive Medicine Reports, 2015,2(3):930-934.
|
| [27] |
Van D, Delfien D, Vandyck S, et al. Associations of neighborhood characteristics with active park use:An observational study in two cities in the USA and Belgium[J]. International Journal of Health Geographics, 2013,12(5):1-9.
|
| [17] |
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|
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|
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Kaczynski A T, Wilhelm S A, Hastmannn T J. Variations in observed park physical activity intensity level by gender, race, and age:Individual and joint effects[J]. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 2011,8(2):151-160.
|
| [28] |
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|
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|
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骆天庆.美国城市公园的建设管理与发展启示:以洛杉矶市为例[J].中国园林,2013(7):67-71.[Luo Tianqing. Urban park construction and management in US:Case study of Los Angeles city and its enlightenment to China cities[J]. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 2013(7):67-71.]
|
| [19] |
Reed J A, Morrison A, Arant C. Profile differences of users of paved versus natural-surface trails[J]. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 2009,6(1):112-118.
|
| [29] |
骆天庆.美国城市公园的建设管理与发展启示:以洛杉矶市为例[J].中国园林,2013(7):67-71.[Luo Tianqing. Urban park construction and management in US:Case study of Los Angeles city and its enlightenment to China cities[J]. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 2013(7):67-71.]
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|
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Veitch J, Carver A, Abbott G. How active are people in metropolitan parks? An observational study of park visitation in Australia[J]. BMC Public Health, 2015,15(1):1-8.
|
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Ward P, McKenzie T L, Cohen D, et al. Physical activity surveillance in parks using direct observation[J]. Preventing Chronic Disease:Public Health Research, Practice, and Policy, 2014,11(2):130-147.
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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Muftuler M, Yapar A, Irez G. Examination of public parks for physical activity patterns in urban neighborhood parks:Insights from a multiple case study[J]. BMC Public Health, 2014,14(9):962.
|
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|
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Cohen D A, Han B, Isacoff J. Impact of park renovations on park use and park-based physical activity[J]. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 2015,12(2):289-295.
|
| [24] |
Ramos W D, Ross C M. Indoor waterpark:An examination of physical activity level and use patterns of youth participants[J]. Internal Journal of Aquatic Research & Education, 2013,7(3):238-253.
|
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|
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Roemmich J N, Beeler J E, Johnson L A. A microenvironment approach to reducing sedentary time and increasing physical activity of children and adults at a playground[J]. Preventive Medicine, 2014,62(5):108-112.
|
| [25] |
Evenson K R, Shay E, Williamson S. Use of dog parks and the contribution to physical activity for their owners[J]. Research Quarterly For Exercise and Sport, 2016,87(2):165-173.
|
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Cohen D A, Marsh Terry, Williamson S, et al. The potential for pocket parks to increase physical activity[J]. American Journal of Health Promotion, 2014,28(3):19-26.
|
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Roemmich J N, Beeler J E, Johnson L A. A microenvironment approach to reducing sedentary time and increasing physical activity of children and adults at a playground[J]. Preventive Medicine, 2014,62(5):108-112.
|
| [36] |
Whiting J W, Larson L R, Green G T. Monitoring visitation in Georgia State Parks using the system for observing play and recreation in communities(SOPARC)[J]. Journal of Park & Recreation Administration, 2011,30(4):21-37.
|
| [26] |
Temple V, British C, Rhodes R. Unleashing physical activity:An observational study of park use, dog walking, and physical activity[J]. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 2011,8(6):764-766.
|
| [38] |
Han B, Cohen D A, Derose K P. Effectiveness of a free exercise program in a neighborhood park[J]. Preventive Medicine Reports, 2015,2(1):255-258.
|
| [36] |
Whiting J W, Larson L R, Green G T. Monitoring visitation in Georgia State Parks using the system for observing play and recreation in communities(SOPARC)[J]. Journal of Park & Recreation Administration, 2011,30(4):21-37.
|
| [37] |
Cohen D A, Marsh Terry, Williamson S, et al. The potential for pocket parks to increase physical activity[J]. American Journal of Health Promotion, 2014,28(3):19-26.
|
| [27] |
Van D, Delfien D, Vandyck S, et al. Associations of neighborhood characteristics with active park use:An observational study in two cities in the USA and Belgium[J]. International Journal of Health Geographics, 2013,12(5):1-9.
|
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Cohen D A, Marsh Terry, Williamson S, et al. The potential for pocket parks to increase physical activity[J]. American Journal of Health Promotion, 2014,28(3):19-26.
|
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Shores K A, West S T. Response to ‘Unusually high levels of physical activity in North Carolina’, by Drs. Cohen and McKenzie[J]. Preventive Medicine:An International Journal Devoted to Practice and Theory, 2010,51(2):189-190.
|
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Han B, Cohen D A, Derose K P. Effectiveness of a free exercise program in a neighborhood park[J]. Preventive Medicine Reports, 2015,2(1):255-258.
|
| [28] |
Tu H, Liao X, Schuller K, et al. Insights from an observational assessment of park-based physical activity in Nanchang, China[J]. Preventive Medicine Reports, 2015,2(3):930-934.
|
| [40] |
Cohen D A, Setodji C, Evenson K R, et al. How much observation is enough? Refining the administration of SOPARC[J]. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 2011,8(8):1117-1123.
|
| [38] |
Han B, Cohen D A, Derose K P. Effectiveness of a free exercise program in a neighborhood park[J]. Preventive Medicine Reports, 2015,2(1):255-258.
|
| [39] |
Shores K A, West S T. Response to ‘Unusually high levels of physical activity in North Carolina’, by Drs. Cohen and McKenzie[J]. Preventive Medicine:An International Journal Devoted to Practice and Theory, 2010,51(2):189-190.
|
| [29] |
骆天庆.美国城市公园的建设管理与发展启示:以洛杉矶市为例[J].中国园林,2013(7):67-71.[Luo Tianqing. Urban park construction and management in US:Case study of Los Angeles city and its enlightenment to China cities[J]. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 2013(7):67-71.]
|
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Joseph R P, Maddock, J E. Observational park-based physical activity studies:A systematic review of the literature[J]. Preventive Medicine, 2016,89(8):257-277.
|
| [39] |
Shores K A, West S T. Response to ‘Unusually high levels of physical activity in North Carolina’, by Drs. Cohen and McKenzie[J]. Preventive Medicine:An International Journal Devoted to Practice and Theory, 2010,51(2):189-190.
|
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Cohen D A, Setodji C, Evenson K R, et al. How much observation is enough? Refining the administration of SOPARC[J]. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 2011,8(8):1117-1123.
|
| [30] |
Veitch J, Carver A, Abbott G. How active are people in metropolitan parks? An observational study of park visitation in Australia[J]. BMC Public Health, 2015,15(1):1-8.
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Cohen D A, Setodji C, Evenson K R, et al. How much observation is enough? Refining the administration of SOPARC[J]. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 2011,8(8):1117-1123.
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Joseph R P, Maddock, J E. Observational park-based physical activity studies:A systematic review of the literature[J]. Preventive Medicine, 2016,89(8):257-277.
|
| [31] |
Shores K A, West S T. Rural and urban park visits and park-based physical activity[J]. Preventive Medicine:An International Journal Devoted to Practice and Theory, 2010,50(1):13-17.
|
| [43] |
Baran P, Smith W, Moore R, et al. Park use among youth and adult:Examination of individual, social, and urban form factors[J]. Environment & Behavior, 2014,46(6):768-800.
|
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Joseph R P, Maddock, J E. Observational park-based physical activity studies:A systematic review of the literature[J]. Preventive Medicine, 2016,89(8):257-277.
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Coughenour C, Coker L, Bungum T L, et al. Environmental and social determinants of youth physical activity intensity levels at neighborhood parks in Las Vegas, NV[J]. Community Health, 2014,39(6):1092-1096.
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2018, Vol. 33 
