流动、旅游与后现代——一个研究视角与一种精神转向

doi:10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2017.03.019

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Abstract In spite of controversy, postmodern philosophy and theory has shown itself to be the overall criticism and reflection of modernism. No matter how scholars comment on postmodernism, positive, neutral or negative, postmodern theories and discussions are connected to the fact that modern ways of life have changed and this has created a need for new general rules. Under such context, we can rethink the change of tourism and re-discuss the meaning of tourism in a broader social theoretical framework. Superflow and superfluidity has been one of the main characteristics in postmodern society and we observe that there is a "mobility turn" in social sciences research. In this paper, we therefore first examine the history of mobility, in particular the discourse about mobility under different times and social contexts. Then on the basis of analysis of the essence of what mobility mean to postmodern world, in particular the spirit of postmodernism, the paper identifies three changes in tourism today and tends to develop a new framework for tourism research: 1) the emergence of a more de-differentiated tourism world without boundary; 2) new tourists' experiences under a new space-time relationship in postmodern society; 3) rethinking the spirit of tourism and calling for a more responsible tourism under postmodern context.

Key words： mobility tourism postmodern spirituality turn

Received: 06 May 2016

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http://rwdl.xisu.edu.cn/EN/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2017.03.019 OR http://rwdl.xisu.edu.cn/EN/Y2017/V32/I3/146

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[12]	龚鹏程.游的精神文化总论[M].石家庄:河北教育出版社,2001:40.[Gong Pengcheng. The Introduction to the Spirit of Travelling[M]. Shijiazhuang: Hebei Education Press, 2001:40.]
[24]	Haldrup M, Larsen J. Tourism, Performance and the Everyday[M]. London: Routledge, 2010:2-16.
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[13]	夏基松.现代西方哲学教程[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1985:611.[Xia Jisong. Modern Western Philosophy[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Press, 1985:611.]
[25]	Edensor T. Mundane mobilities, performances and spaces of tourism[J]. Social & Cultural Geography, 2007,8(2):199-215.
[20]	Foucault M. Discipline and Punish [M]. London: Allen Lane, 1977: 27.
[14]	张国清.现代性、现代主义与后现代主义[J].浙江大学学报,1997,1 (4):11-22. [Zhang Guoqing. Modernity, modernism and postmodernism[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University, 1997,11(4):11-22.]
[26]	Sharpley R. Tourism, Tourists & Society[M]. Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: ELM, 1994:233.
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[21]	余乃忠.后现代主义批判[M]. 北京:社会科学文献出版社, 2012:8.[Yu Naizhong. Critical Analysis of Post-modernism[M]. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, 2012:8.]
[15]	郑莉.鲍曼论现代性与后现代性[J].马克思主义与现实,2004,1:91-98. [Zheng Li. On Modernity and postmodernity by Zygmunt Bauman[J]. Marxism and Reality, 2004,1:91-98.]
[28]	Cohen E, Cohen S A. Current sociological theories and issues in tourism[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2012,39(4):2177-2202.
[22]	杜小真.福柯集[M].上海:上海远东出版社,1998:501-502. [Du Xiaozhen. On Michel Foucault[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Far East Press, 1998:501-502.]
[16]	齐格蒙特·鲍曼.对秩序的追求[J].南京大学学报,1999(3):37-43.[Bauman Z. Pursuit of order[J]. Journal of Nanjing University, 1999 (3):37-43.]
[29]	Franklin A, Crang M. The trouble with tourism and travel theory[J]. Tourist Studies, 2001,1(1):5-22.
[23]	格里芬编.后现代精神[M].王成兵,译.北京:中央编译出版社,2012: 3-15,17. [Griffin D R. Spirituality and Society[M]. Wang Chengbing, trans. Beijing: Central Compilation and Translation Press, 2012:3-15,17.]
[17]	Simmel G. On Individuality and Social Forms. Selected Writings[M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971:353-375.
[30]	Uriely N, Reichel A, Ron A. Volunteering in tourism: Additional thinking[J]. Tourism Recreation Research, 2003,28(3):57-62.
[24]	Haldrup M, Larsen J. Tourism, Performance and the Everyday[M]. London: Routledge, 2010:2-16.
[18]	基思·特斯特.后现代性下的生命与多重时间[M].李康,译.北京:北京大学出版社,2010:24-26. [Tester K. The Life and Times of Postmodernity[M]. Li Kang, trans. Beijing: Peking University Press, 2010:24-26.]
[31]	Featherstone M. Consumer Culture and Postmodernism[M]. London, Newbury Park and New Delhi: Sage, 1991:1-39.
[25]	Edensor T. Mundane mobilities, performances and spaces of tourism[J]. Social & Cultural Geography, 2007,8(2):199-215.
[19]	Gouldner A W. Prologue to theory of revolutionary intellectuals[M]//Gouldner AW. Against Frangmentation. The Origin of Marxism and the Sociology of Intellectuals. NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1985:3-26.
[32]	Miles S. Consumerism: As a Way of Life[M]. London, Thousand Oaks and New Delhi: Sage, 1998:32-56.
[26]	Sharpley R. Tourism, Tourists & Society[M]. Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: ELM, 1994:233.
[27]	潘秋玲,丁蕾.后现代社会下的旅游新趋势[J].人文地理,2007,22 (5):24-28. [Pan Qiuling, Ding Lei. New trend of tourism in postmodern society[J]. Human Geography, 2007,22(5):24-28.]
[20]	Foucault M. Discipline and Punish [M]. London: Allen Lane, 1977: 27.
[33]	Urry J. Rethinking class[M]//Maheu L. Social Movements and Social Classes: The Future of Collective Action. London: Sage, 1995: 169-181.
[28]	Cohen E, Cohen S A. Current sociological theories and issues in tourism[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2012,39(4):2177-2202.
[21]	余乃忠.后现代主义批判[M]. 北京:社会科学文献出版社, 2012:8.[Yu Naizhong. Critical Analysis of Post-modernism[M]. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, 2012:8.]
[34]	Lash S, Urry J. Economies of Signs and Space[M]. London: Sage, 1994:79.
[29]	Franklin A, Crang M. The trouble with tourism and travel theory[J]. Tourist Studies, 2001,1(1):5-22.
[22]	杜小真.福柯集[M].上海:上海远东出版社,1998:501-502. [Du Xiaozhen. On Michel Foucault[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Far East Press, 1998:501-502.]
[35]	Munt I. The ‘other’ postmodern tourism: Culture, travel and the new middle classes[J]. Theory, Culture & Society, 1994,11(3):101-123.
[30]	Uriely N, Reichel A, Ron A. Volunteering in tourism: Additional thinking[J]. Tourism Recreation Research, 2003,28(3):57-62.
[23]	格里芬编.后现代精神[M].王成兵,译.北京:中央编译出版社,2012: 3-15,17. [Griffin D R. Spirituality and Society[M]. Wang Chengbing, trans. Beijing: Central Compilation and Translation Press, 2012:3-15,17.]
[36]	Best S, Kellner D. Postmodern Theory[M]. Midlands: The Clifford Press, 1991:208.
[31]	Featherstone M. Consumer Culture and Postmodernism[M]. London, Newbury Park and New Delhi: Sage, 1991:1-39.
[24]	Haldrup M, Larsen J. Tourism, Performance and the Everyday[M]. London: Routledge, 2010:2-16.
[37]	Cohen E, Cohen S A. Mobilities approach to tourism from emerging world regions[J]. Current Issues in Tourism, 2015,18(1):11-43.
[32]	Miles S. Consumerism: As a Way of Life[M]. London, Thousand Oaks and New Delhi: Sage, 1998:32-56.
[25]	Edensor T. Mundane mobilities, performances and spaces of tourism[J]. Social & Cultural Geography, 2007,8(2):199-215.
[38]	齐格蒙特·鲍曼.流动的现代性[M].欧阳景根,译.上海:上海三联书店,2002:198. [Bauman Z. Liquid Modernity[M]. Ouyang jinggen, trans. Shanghai: Shanghai Joint Publishing House, 2002:198.]
[33]	Urry J. Rethinking class[M]//Maheu L. Social Movements and Social Classes: The Future of Collective Action. London: Sage, 1995: 169-181.
[26]	Sharpley R. Tourism, Tourists & Society[M]. Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: ELM, 1994:233.
[27]	潘秋玲,丁蕾.后现代社会下的旅游新趋势[J].人文地理,2007,22 (5):24-28. [Pan Qiuling, Ding Lei. New trend of tourism in postmodern society[J]. Human Geography, 2007,22(5):24-28.]
[39]	Edensor T. Tourists at the Taj: Performance and Meaning at a Symbolic Site[M]. London: Routledge, 1998:3.
[34]	Lash S, Urry J. Economies of Signs and Space[M]. London: Sage, 1994:79.
[28]	Cohen E, Cohen S A. Current sociological theories and issues in tourism[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2012,39(4):2177-2202.
[40]	Knox D. Doing the doric: The institutionalization of regional language and culture in north-east Scotland[J]. Social & Cultural Geography, 2001,2(3):315-331.
[35]	Munt I. The ‘other’ postmodern tourism: Culture, travel and the new middle classes[J]. Theory, Culture & Society, 1994,11(3):101-123.
[29]	Franklin A, Crang M. The trouble with tourism and travel theory[J]. Tourist Studies, 2001,1(1):5-22.
[41]	Crouch D. Places around us: Embodied lay geographies in leisure and tourism[J]. Leisure Studies, 2000,19:63-76.
[36]	Best S, Kellner D. Postmodern Theory[M]. Midlands: The Clifford Press, 1991:208.
[30]	Uriely N, Reichel A, Ron A. Volunteering in tourism: Additional thinking[J]. Tourism Recreation Research, 2003,28(3):57-62.
[42]	Bondi L, Smith M, Davidson J. Motional Geographies[M]. London: Ashgate, 2005:101-117.
[37]	Cohen E, Cohen S A. Mobilities approach to tourism from emerging world regions[J]. Current Issues in Tourism, 2015,18(1):11-43.
[31]	Featherstone M. Consumer Culture and Postmodernism[M]. London, Newbury Park and New Delhi: Sage, 1991:1-39.
[43]	Lyons G. Urry J. Travel time use in the information age[J]. Transport Research A: Policy and Practice, 2005,39 (2/3): 257-276.
[38]	齐格蒙特·鲍曼.流动的现代性[M].欧阳景根,译.上海:上海三联书店,2002:198. [Bauman Z. Liquid Modernity[M]. Ouyang jinggen, trans. Shanghai: Shanghai Joint Publishing House, 2002:198.]
[32]	Miles S. Consumerism: As a Way of Life[M]. London, Thousand Oaks and New Delhi: Sage, 1998:32-56.
[44]	Jokinen E. Veijola S. The Disoriented Tourist: The Figuration of the Tourist in Contemporary Cultural Critique[M]. London: Routledge, 1997:23-51.
[39]	Edensor T. Tourists at the Taj: Performance and Meaning at a Symbolic Site[M]. London: Routledge, 1998:3.
[33]	Urry J. Rethinking class[M]//Maheu L. Social Movements and Social Classes: The Future of Collective Action. London: Sage, 1995: 169-181.
[45]	Johnston L. (Other) bodies and tourism studies [J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2001,28 (1):180-201.
[40]	Knox D. Doing the doric: The institutionalization of regional language and culture in north-east Scotland[J]. Social & Cultural Geography, 2001,2(3):315-331.
[34]	Lash S, Urry J. Economies of Signs and Space[M]. London: Sage, 1994:79.
[46]	Featherstone M, Thrift N, Urry J. Cultures of automobility (Special issue)[J]. Theory, Culture and Society, 2004,21:1-284.
[41]	Crouch D. Places around us: Embodied lay geographies in leisure and tourism[J]. Leisure Studies, 2000,19:63-76.
[35]	Munt I. The ‘other’ postmodern tourism: Culture, travel and the new middle classes[J]. Theory, Culture & Society, 1994,11(3):101-123.
[47]	Mowforth M, Munt I. Tourism and Sustainability. New Tourism in the ThirdWorld[M]. London and New York: Routledge, 1998:53.
[42]	Bondi L, Smith M, Davidson J. Motional Geographies[M]. London: Ashgate, 2005:101-117.
[36]	Best S, Kellner D. Postmodern Theory[M]. Midlands: The Clifford Press, 1991:208.
[48]	Poon A. Tourism, Technology and Competitive Strategies[M]. Wallingford: CABI, 1993:1-3.
[43]	Lyons G. Urry J. Travel time use in the information age[J]. Transport Research A: Policy and Practice, 2005,39 (2/3): 257-276.
[37]	Cohen E, Cohen S A. Mobilities approach to tourism from emerging world regions[J]. Current Issues in Tourism, 2015,18(1):11-43.
[49]	Foucault M. Politics, Interview and Other Writing 1977—1984[M]. New York, London: Routledge, 1988:328.
[44]	Jokinen E. Veijola S. The Disoriented Tourist: The Figuration of the Tourist in Contemporary Cultural Critique[M]. London: Routledge, 1997:23-51.
[38]	齐格蒙特·鲍曼.流动的现代性[M].欧阳景根,译.上海:上海三联书店,2002:198. [Bauman Z. Liquid Modernity[M]. Ouyang jinggen, trans. Shanghai: Shanghai Joint Publishing House, 2002:198.]
[50]	Mustonen P. Volunteer tourism: Postmodern pilgrimage[J]. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 2006,3(3):160-177.
[45]	Johnston L. (Other) bodies and tourism studies [J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2001,28 (1):180-201.
[39]	Edensor T. Tourists at the Taj: Performance and Meaning at a Symbolic Site[M]. London: Routledge, 1998:3.
[51]	阿来.大地的阶梯[M]. 海口:南海出版公司,2008:149. [A Lai. Ladders of Earth[M]. Haikou: Nanhai Publishing Company, 2008:149.]
[46]	Featherstone M, Thrift N, Urry J. Cultures of automobility (Special issue)[J]. Theory, Culture and Society, 2004,21:1-284.
[40]	Knox D. Doing the doric: The institutionalization of regional language and culture in north-east Scotland[J]. Social & Cultural Geography, 2001,2(3):315-331.
[52]	乔·霍兰德.后现代精神和社会观[M]//格里芬编.后现代精神.王成兵,译.北京:中央编译出版社,2012:70-100. [Holland J. The spirit of postmodernism and social value[M]//Griffin, D R. Spirituality and Society[M]. Wang Chengbing, trans. Beijing: Central Compilation and Translation Press, 2012:70-100.]
[47]	Mowforth M, Munt I. Tourism and Sustainability. New Tourism in the ThirdWorld[M]. London and New York: Routledge, 1998:53.
[41]	Crouch D. Places around us: Embodied lay geographies in leisure and tourism[J]. Leisure Studies, 2000,19:63-76.
[53]	Boorstin D J. The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America[M]. New York: Atheneum, 1964:1-10.
[48]	Poon A. Tourism, Technology and Competitive Strategies[M]. Wallingford: CABI, 1993:1-3.
[42]	Bondi L, Smith M, Davidson J. Motional Geographies[M]. London: Ashgate, 2005:101-117.
[49]	Foucault M. Politics, Interview and Other Writing 1977—1984[M]. New York, London: Routledge, 1988:328.
[43]	Lyons G. Urry J. Travel time use in the information age[J]. Transport Research A: Policy and Practice, 2005,39 (2/3): 257-276.
[50]	Mustonen P. Volunteer tourism: Postmodern pilgrimage[J]. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 2006,3(3):160-177.
[44]	Jokinen E. Veijola S. The Disoriented Tourist: The Figuration of the Tourist in Contemporary Cultural Critique[M]. London: Routledge, 1997:23-51.
[51]	阿来.大地的阶梯[M]. 海口:南海出版公司,2008:149. [A Lai. Ladders of Earth[M]. Haikou: Nanhai Publishing Company, 2008:149.]
[45]	Johnston L. (Other) bodies and tourism studies [J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2001,28 (1):180-201.
[52]	乔·霍兰德.后现代精神和社会观[M]//格里芬编.后现代精神.王成兵,译.北京:中央编译出版社,2012:70-100. [Holland J. The spirit of postmodernism and social value[M]//Griffin, D R. Spirituality and Society[M]. Wang Chengbing, trans. Beijing: Central Compilation and Translation Press, 2012:70-100.]
[46]	Featherstone M, Thrift N, Urry J. Cultures of automobility (Special issue)[J]. Theory, Culture and Society, 2004,21:1-284.
[53]	Boorstin D J. The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America[M]. New York: Atheneum, 1964:1-10.