|
|
|
| A STUDY ON MIGRANTS' ATTAINMENT OF URBAN CITIZENSHIP IN A CHINESE MEGACITY: AN EXPLANATORY FRAMEWORK OF MOBILITY AND IMMOBILITY |
| LI Li-mei1, CHEN Yun2 |
1. Center for Modern Chinese City Studies, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China;
2. Institute of Anthropology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China |
|
|
|
|
Abstract The internal migration in China is a two-track system that is composed of the permanent and temporary migration under the hukou (household registration) system. What distinguishes the permanent and temporary migration is not the length of residence at the destination but whether the hukou is transferred to the destination. Migrants have varying degrees of agencies to respond to structural restrictions, producing different consequences of urban citizenship mobility and immobility, which can be observed not only between permanent and temporary migrants, but also within permanent migrants and temporary migrants. How can we understand the urban citizenship mobility and immobility among migrants in Chinese cities? Based on the statistical data of population migration and hukou conferment, the in-depth interviews with hukou migrants and the judgment verdicts of the administrative litigation on hukou disputes in Shanghai, this study identifies five types of mobility and immobility:acquiescent immobility, voluntary mobility, involuntary mobility, involuntary immobility and voluntary immobility. Mobility is highly heterogeneous, different groups of migrants obtain hukou in different ways. Immobility also occurs in different ways. Immobility can be seen not only as an acquiescent or involuntary response under structural constraints, but also as an voluntary or strategic choice.
|
|
Received: 31 October 2022
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [1] |
Goldstein S, Goldstein A.Permanent and Temporary Migration Differentials in China[M].Honolulu, HI:East-West Population Institute, 1991:1-52.
|
| [2] |
辜胜阻.中国两类人口迁移比较研究[J].中国人口科学,1991(4):16-21.[Gu Shengzu.A Comparison of two types of population migration in China[J].China Population Sciences,1991(4):16-21.]
|
| [3] |
杨红.改革以来中国永久性迁移人口和流动性迁移人口的比较研究[J].西北人口,1999(1):2-16.[Yang Hong.A comparative analysis of China's permanent and temporary migration during the reform period[J].Northwestern Population, 1999(1):2-16.]
|
| [4] |
Fan C.The elite, the natives, and the outsiders:Migration and labor market segmentation in urban China[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2002,92(1):103-124.
|
| [5] |
Fan C.China on the Move:Migration, the State, and the Household[M].London and New York:Routledge, 2008:41-53.
|
| [6] |
Sun M, Fan C.China's permanent and temporary migrants:Differentials and changes, 1990-2000[J].The Professional Geographer, 2011,63(1):92-112.
|
| [7] |
Liu Y, Xu W.Destination choices of permanent and temporary migrants in China, 1985-2005[J/OL].Population, Space and Place, 2015(1):e1963.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/psp.1963.
|
| [8] |
Li L, Liu Y.Understanding the gap between de facto and de jure urbanization in China:A perspective from rural migrants' settlement intention[J].Population Research and Policy Review, 2020, 39(4):311-338.
|
| [9] |
李玲.90年代以来中国人口两种迁移类型的变化[J].人口研究, 1999(4):59-64.[Li Ling.Changes of the two types of population migrations in China since the 1990s[J].Population Research, 1999(4):59-64.]
|
| [10] |
Chan K, Liu T, Yang Y.Hukou and non-hukou migrations in China:Comparisons and contrasts[J].International Journal of Population Geography, 1999,5(6):425-448.
|
| [11] |
Solinger D.Contesting Citizenship in Urban China:Peasant Migrants, the State, and the Logic of the Market[M].Berkeley, California:University of California Press, 1999:1-14.
|
| [12] |
Zhang L, Wang G.Urban citizenship of rural migrants in reformera China[J].Citizenship Studies, 2010,14(2):145-166.
|
| [13] |
吴介民.永远的异乡客?公民身分差序与中国农民工阶级[J].台湾社会学,2011(21):51-99.[Wu Jieh-min.Strangers forever? Differential citizenship and China's rural migrant workers[J].Taiwanese Sociology, 2011(21):51-99.]
|
| [14] |
陈映芳.城市开发与住房排斥:城市准入制的表象及实质[J].宁波大学学报(人文科学版),2009(2):32-39.[Chen Yingfang.City development and housing exclusion:The true meaning of city access system[J].Journal of Ningbo University (Liberal arts edition), 2009(2):32-39.]
|
| [15] |
陈映芳.社会保障视野下国民身份制度及社会公平[J].重庆社会科学,2013(3):11-18.[Chen Yingfang.The national identity system and social justice from the perspective of social security[J].Chongqing Social Sciences, 2013(3):11-18.]
|
| [16] |
陈映芳.权利功利主义逻辑下的身份制度之弊[J].人民论坛·学术前沿, 2014(1):62-72.[Chen Yingfang.On the deficiencies of the identity system under utilitarianism of rights[J].People's Forum Academic Frontier, 2014(1):62-72.]
|
| [17] |
Li L, Li S, Chen Y.Better city, better life, but for whom? The hukou and resident card system and the consequential citizenship stratification in Shanghai[J].City, Culture, and Society, 2010,1(3):145-154.
|
| [18] |
李丽梅,陈映芳,李思名.中国城市户口和居住证制度下的公民身份等级分层[J].南京社会科学,2015(2):52-60.[Li Limei, Chen Yingfang, Li Si-ming.The hukou and resident card system and the consequential citizenship stratification in Shanghai[J].Nanjing Social Sciences, 2015(2):52-60.]
|
| [19] |
Chan K.Migration and development in China:Trends, geography and current issues[J].Migration and Development, 2012,1(2):187-205.
|
| [20] |
李爱民.中国半城镇化研究[J].人口研究,2013(4):80-91.[Li Aimin.Peri-urbanization in China[J].Population Research, 2013(4):80-91.]
|
| [21] |
Wu F, Zhang F, Webster C.Rural Migrants in Urban China:Enclaves and Transient Urbanism[M].London and New York:Routledge, 2014:1-14.
|
| [22] |
吴开亚,张力.发展主义政府与城市落户门槛:关于户籍制度改革的反思[J].社会学研究,2010(6):58-85.[Wu Kaiya, Zhang Li.Developmentalist government and urban hukou threshold:Rethinking hukou system reform[J].Sociological Studies, 2010(6):58-85.]
|
| [23] |
张吉鹏,卢冲.户籍制度改革与城市落户门槛的量化分析[J].经济学季刊,2019(4):1509-1529.[Zhang Jipeng, Lu Chong.A quantitative analysis on the reform of household registration in Chinese cities[J].China Economic Quarterly, 2019(4):1509-1529.]
|
| [24] |
李竞博,高瑗,原新.积分落户时代超大城市流动人口的永久迁移意愿[J].人口与经济,2018(1):17-27.[Li Jingbo,Gao Yuan, Yuan Xin.The Permanent migration willingness study of the floating population in megacity in the era of points system for household registration[J].Population & Economics, 2018(1):17-27.]
|
| [25] |
Liu T, Shi Q.Acquiring a Beijing Hukou:Who is eligible and who is successful?[J].The China Quarterly, 2020,243(9):855-868.
|
| [26] |
蔡禾,王进".农民工" 永久迁移意愿研究[J].社会学研究,2007(6):86-113.[Cai He, Wang Jin.A study on migrant workers' permanent migration intentions[J].Sociological Studies, 2007(6):86-113.]
|
| [27] |
张翼.农民工进城落户意愿与中国近期城镇化道路的选择[J].中国人口科学,2011(2):14-26.[Zhang Yi.Migrant workers' settlement intentions and the choice of Chinese urbanization path[J].China Population Sciences, 2011(2):14-26.]
|
| [28] |
Hao P, Tang S.Floating or settling down:The effect of rural landholdings on the settlement intention of rural migrants in urban China[J].Environment and Planning A, 2015,47(9):1979-1999.
|
| [29] |
欧阳慧,胡杰成,刘保奎,等.如何增强农民工在城镇的落户意愿?——基于对农民工分区域分群体的调查[J].城市发展研究,2019(6):52-60.[Ouyang Hui, Hu Jiecheng, Lou Baokui,et al.Why migrant workers don't want to settle down in cities[J].Urban Development Studies, 2019(6):52-60.]
|
| [30] |
Zhou J, Lin L, Tang S, et al.To settle but not convert hukou among rural migrants in urban China:How does family-level eligibility for citizenship benefits matter?[J].Habitat International, 2022(2):1-16.
|
| [31] |
林李月,朱宇.中国城市流动人口户籍迁移意愿的空间格局及影响因素——基于2012年全国流动人口动态监测调查数据[J].地理学报,2016,71(10):1696-1709.[Lin Liyue, Zhu Yu.Spatial variation and its determinants of migrants' Hukou transfer intention of China's prefecture and provincial-level cities[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016,71(10):1696-1709.]
|
| [32] |
朱宇,林李月.流动人口在城镇的居留意愿及其决定因素——文献综述及其启示[J].人口与经济,2019(2):17-27.[Zhu Yu, Lin Liyue.The settlement intention of the floating population in the cities and its determinants:A literature review and its implications[J].Population & Economics, 2019(2):17-27.]
|
| [33] |
Liu T, Wang J.Bringing city size in understanding the permanent settlement intention of rural-urban migrants in China[J/OL].Population, Space and Place, 2020(4):e2295.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/psp.2295.
|
| [34] |
Gu H, Liu Z, Shen T.Spatial pattern and determinants of migrant workers' interprovincial hukou transfer intention in China:Evidence from a National Migrant Population Dynamic Monitoring Survey in 2016[J/OL].Population, Space and Place,2019(2):e2250.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/psp.2250.
|
| [35] |
Chen C, Fan C.China' Shukou puzzle:Why don't rural migrants want urban Hukou?[J].China Review, 2016(3):9-39.
|
| [36] |
Carling J.Migration in the age of involuntary immobility:Theoretical reflections and Cape Verdean experiences[J].Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 2002,28(1):5-42.
|
| [37] |
de Haas H.Migration and development:A theoretical perspective[J].International Migration Review, 2010,44(1):227-264.
|
| [38] |
de Haas H.Migration Theory:Quo Vadis?[M].Oxford:International Migration Institute, 2014:1-39.
|
| [39] |
de Haas H.A theory of migration:The aspirations-capabilities framework[J].Comparative Migration Studies, 2021,9(8):1-35.
|
| [40] |
Schewel K.Understanding immobility:Moving beyond the mobility bias in migration studies[J].International Migration Review, 2020(2):328-355.
|
| [41] |
IOM (International Organization for Migration).World migration report 2022[EB/OL].(2021-12-01)[2022-04-15].https://publications.iom.int/books/world-migration-report-2022.
|
| [42] |
Bell M.Charles-Edwards E.Cross-National Comparisons of Internal Migration:An Update of Global Patterns and Trends[M].New York:United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2013:1-30.
|
| [43] |
范芝芬.流动中国:迁移、国家和家庭[M].邱幼云,黄河,译.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2013:1-15.[Fan Zhifen.China on the Move:Migration the State and the Household[M].Qiu Youyun, Huang He, trans.Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press, 2013:1-15.]
|
| [44] |
段成荣,谢东虹,吕利丹.中国人口的迁移转变[J].人口研究,2019(2):12-20.[Duan Chengrong, Xie Donghong, Lv Lidan.Migration transition of Chinese population[J].Population Research, 2019(2):12-20.]
|
| [45] |
段成荣,吕利丹,谢东虹,等.乡土中国到迁徙中国:再论中国人口迁移转变[J].人口研究,2020(1):19-25.[Duan Chengrong, Lv Lidan, Xie Donghong, et al.From rural China to migratory China:Rethinking China's migration transition[J].Population Research, 2020(1):19-25.]
|
| [46] |
阿马蒂亚·森.以自由看待发展[M].任赜,于真,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2002:1-70.[Amartya Sen.Development as Freedom[M].Ren Ji, Yu Zhen, trans.Beijing:Renmin University Press, 2002:1-70.]
|
| [47] |
Berlin I.Four Essays on Liberty[M].London, New York:Oxford University Press, 1969:166-217.
|
| [48] |
以赛亚·柏林.自由论(修订本)[M].胡传胜,译.南京:译林出版社, 2013:167-221.[Berlin I.Four Essays on Liberty[M].Hu Chuansheng, trans.Nanjing:Yilin Press, 2013:167-221.]
|
| [49] |
Schewel K.Understanding the Aspiration to Stay:A Case Study of Young Adults in Senegal[M].Oxford:International Migration Institute, 2015:1-37.
|
| [50] |
Clemens M.Does Development Reduce Migration?[M].Washington, D C:Center for Global Development, 2014:1-52.
|
| [51] |
宁越敏,赵新正,李仙德,等.上海人口发展趋势及对策研究[J].上海城市规划,2011(1):16-26.[Ning Yuemin, Zhao Xinzheng, Li Xiande, et al.A study on the trend and policy of population of Shanghai[J].Shanghai Urban Planning, 2011(1):16-26.]
|
| [52] |
胡琪.上海户籍迁入人口的变化与政策导向[J].科学发展,2013(9):73-80.[Hu Qi.Changes and policy guidance of immigration settled to Shanghai household registration[J].Scientific Development, 2013(9):73-80.]
|
| [53] |
孙秀林.中国都市社会脉动:上海调查(2017)[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2018:172-195.[Sun Xiulin.Social Pulse of Chinese Metropolis:Shanghai Survey 2017[M].Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press, 2018:172-195.]
|
| [54] |
王甫勤.户口与迁移时间:上海城市迁移人口的阶层地位获得(1977-2014)[J]社会科学,2020(11):71-82.[Wang Fuqin, Hukou registration and time at immigration:The status attainments of urban migrants in Shanghai(1977-2014)[J].Social Sciences, 2020(11):71-82.]
|
| [55] |
李丽梅.谁拥有城市的权利?上海永久性迁移人口落户的社会地理研究[M]//陈映芳.城市治理研究(第一卷):赋权、住宅供给与居住生活保障.上海:上海交通大学出版社,2017:139-157.[Li Limei.Who have the right to the Chinese city? The social geography of the permanent migration in Shanghai[M]//Chen Yingfang.Urban Governance Studies (volume 1):Empowerment, Housing Provision and Residential Security.Shanghai:Shanghai Jiaotong University Press, 2017:139-157.]
|
| [56] |
翁蕾.跨越身份的边界:大城市高学历流动人口落户的行动策略研究——以上海非沪籍高校毕业生为例[D].上海:华东师范大学, 2019:62-74.[Weng Lei.Crossing the Boundary of Identity:A Study on the Action Strategies of Highly Educated Migrants in a Megacity[D].Shanghai:East China Normal University, 2019:62-74.]
|
| [57] |
上海市公安局.撤销傅东元户口事项决定书(编号:20142007)[EB/OL].(2014-08-11)[2018-12-10].https://gaj.sh.gov.cn/shga/wzXxfbGj/detail?pa=%20110ef360e4374a419e6b5ec8fe934a926c597fc582666bad219014c55e9e56e2.[Shanghai Bureau of Public Security.Decision on revoking the hukou registration of Fu Dongyuan (No.:20142007)[EB/OL].(2014-08-11)[2018-12-10].https://gaj.sh.gov.cn/shga/wzXxfbGj/detail?pa=%20110ef360e4374a419e6b5ec8fe934a926c597fc582666bad219014c55e9e56e2.]
|
| [58] |
胡琪.上海外来媳妇的社会融合和家庭发展问题研究[M]//卢汉龙,杨雄,周海旺.上海社会发展报告(2019).北京:社会科学文献出版社,2019:253-273.[Hu Qi.A study on the social integration of the migrant wives and the family development[M]//Lu Hanlong, Yang Xiong, Zhou Haiwang.Annual Report on Social Development of Shanghai.Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press, 2019:253-273.]
|
| [59] |
谢玲丽.上海人口发展60年[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2010:98-99.[Xie Lingli.Sixty Years of Population Developmentlopment in Shanghai[M].Shanghai:Shanghai People's Press, 2010:98-99.]
|
| [60] |
Lee E.A theory of migration[J].Demography, 1966(3):47-57.
|
| [61] |
Zhou J, Arundel R, Zhang S, et al.Intra-national citizenship and dual-hukou strategies among migrant families in China[J].Habitat International, 2021(2):1-13.
|
| [62] |
Cohen J.Migration and ‘stay at homes’ in rural Oaxaca, Mexico:Local expression of global outcomes[J].Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development, 2002,31(2):231-259.
|
| [63] |
Mata-Codesal D.Ways of staying put in Ecuador:Social and embodied experiences of mobility-immobility interactions[J].Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 2015,41(14):2274-2290.
|
| [64] |
Massey D.A global sense of place[M]//Massey D.Space, Place and Gender.Minneapolis, M N:University of Minnesota Press, 1994:146-155.
|
|
|
|
2024, Vol. 39 
