APPLICATION RESEARCH AND ENLIGHTENMENT OF SOPARC IN WESTERN COUNTRIES
XU Yan1,2, YU Bin1, LI Jiang-min3, ZHU Lei1, CHEN Guo-lei1
1. Key Laboratory for Geographical Process & Simulation of Hubei Province, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China;
2. College of Environmental Science and Tourism, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China;
3. College of Management, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
摘要 随着户外游憩研究的不断深入，获取有效游憩行为和环境信息的重要性突显，美国学者麦肯奇（McKenzie）研创出社区玩耍与游憩观察系统方法（System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities，SOPARC）能够瞬时批量高效获取户外游憩活动信息，因而在西方游憩行为研究中逐步获得广泛运用。本文使用文献检索和文献分析法，通过查阅和分析近年西方学者对社区玩耍与游憩观察系统方法的主要应用成果，归纳出西方学者对SOPARC应用研究的热点。通过西方学者应用SOPARC方法研究的特点评述，提出该方法对我国研究的若干启示：SOPARC方法科学有效，能够为我国游憩研究提供技术支撑，但引入应用需要根据中国国情进行改进；SOPARC方法应用广泛，可主要用于游憩行为调查、游憩设施和环境规划及游憩地管理中。
Abstract：With the further study of outdoor recreation, it is much important to obtain effective recreation activity and contextual information. McKenzie developed SOPARC (system for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities) which can obtain observational data on the number of participants and their physical activity levels during physical activity and leisure opportunities in community environments. SOPARC were gradually used in the studies of public parks in western countries. Identifying the demographics and physical activity levels of park users could inform park promotions and programming and be used to develop interventions to promote physical activity and reduce sedentary behavior through park use. Based on literature review, this paper describes origin and conception of SOPARC in western countries. At the same, it also analyzes application results of SOPARC in western countries, summarize its research method and research object. The recent research on SOPARC is focused on the following four aspects:1) research on various types of recreationists (different age, gender, race/ethnicity); 2) research on different recreational activities (physical activity, shopping, entertainment, walking the dog); 3) research on many types of recreational places (different country, park, area); 4) research on recreational environment facility planning and management.
徐燕, 余斌, 李江敏, 朱磊, 陈国磊. 西方国家社区玩耍与游憩观察系统方法的应用研究及启示[J]. 人文地理, 2018, 33(3): 11-19,160.
XU Yan, YU Bin, LI Jiang-min, ZHU Lei, CHEN Guo-lei. APPLICATION RESEARCH AND ENLIGHTENMENT OF SOPARC IN WESTERN COUNTRIES. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, 2018, 33(3): 11-19,160.
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Shores K A, West S T. Rural and urban park visits and park-based physical activity[J]. Preventive Medicine:An International Journal Devoted to Practice and Theory, 2010,50(1):13-17.
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Veitch J, Carver A, Abbott G. How active are people in metropolitan parks? An observational study of park visitation in Australia[J]. BMC Public Health, 2015,15(1):1-8.
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[35]
Roemmich J N, Beeler J E, Johnson L A. A microenvironment approach to reducing sedentary time and increasing physical activity of children and adults at a playground[J]. Preventive Medicine, 2014,62(5):108-112.
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[36]
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[26]
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[37]
Cohen D A, Marsh Terry, Williamson S, et al. The potential for pocket parks to increase physical activity[J]. American Journal of Health Promotion, 2014,28(3):19-26.
[27]
Van D, Delfien D, Vandyck S, et al. Associations of neighborhood characteristics with active park use:An observational study in two cities in the USA and Belgium[J]. International Journal of Health Geographics, 2013,12(5):1-9.
[37]
Cohen D A, Marsh Terry, Williamson S, et al. The potential for pocket parks to increase physical activity[J]. American Journal of Health Promotion, 2014,28(3):19-26.
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[38]
Han B, Cohen D A, Derose K P. Effectiveness of a free exercise program in a neighborhood park[J]. Preventive Medicine Reports, 2015,2(1):255-258.
[28]
Tu H, Liao X, Schuller K, et al. Insights from an observational assessment of park-based physical activity in Nanchang, China[J]. Preventive Medicine Reports, 2015,2(3):930-934.
[40]
Cohen D A, Setodji C, Evenson K R, et al. How much observation is enough? Refining the administration of SOPARC[J]. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 2011,8(8):1117-1123.
[38]
Han B, Cohen D A, Derose K P. Effectiveness of a free exercise program in a neighborhood park[J]. Preventive Medicine Reports, 2015,2(1):255-258.
[39]
Shores K A, West S T. Response to ‘Unusually high levels of physical activity in North Carolina’, by Drs. Cohen and McKenzie[J]. Preventive Medicine:An International Journal Devoted to Practice and Theory, 2010,51(2):189-190.
[29]
骆天庆.美国城市公园的建设管理与发展启示:以洛杉矶市为例[J].中国园林,2013(7):67-71.[Luo Tianqing. Urban park construction and management in US:Case study of Los Angeles city and its enlightenment to China cities[J]. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 2013(7):67-71.]
[41]
Joseph R P, Maddock, J E. Observational park-based physical activity studies:A systematic review of the literature[J]. Preventive Medicine, 2016,89(8):257-277.
[39]
Shores K A, West S T. Response to ‘Unusually high levels of physical activity in North Carolina’, by Drs. Cohen and McKenzie[J]. Preventive Medicine:An International Journal Devoted to Practice and Theory, 2010,51(2):189-190.
[40]
Cohen D A, Setodji C, Evenson K R, et al. How much observation is enough? Refining the administration of SOPARC[J]. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 2011,8(8):1117-1123.
[30]
Veitch J, Carver A, Abbott G. How active are people in metropolitan parks? An observational study of park visitation in Australia[J]. BMC Public Health, 2015,15(1):1-8.
[42]
Coughenour C, Coker L, Bungum T L, et al. Environmental and social determinants of youth physical activity intensity levels at neighborhood parks in Las Vegas, NV[J]. Community Health, 2014,39(6):1092-1096.
[40]
Cohen D A, Setodji C, Evenson K R, et al. How much observation is enough? Refining the administration of SOPARC[J]. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 2011,8(8):1117-1123.
[41]
Joseph R P, Maddock, J E. Observational park-based physical activity studies:A systematic review of the literature[J]. Preventive Medicine, 2016,89(8):257-277.
[31]
Shores K A, West S T. Rural and urban park visits and park-based physical activity[J]. Preventive Medicine:An International Journal Devoted to Practice and Theory, 2010,50(1):13-17.
[43]
Baran P, Smith W, Moore R, et al. Park use among youth and adult:Examination of individual, social, and urban form factors[J]. Environment & Behavior, 2014,46(6):768-800.
[41]
Joseph R P, Maddock, J E. Observational park-based physical activity studies:A systematic review of the literature[J]. Preventive Medicine, 2016,89(8):257-277.
[42]
Coughenour C, Coker L, Bungum T L, et al. Environmental and social determinants of youth physical activity intensity levels at neighborhood parks in Las Vegas, NV[J]. Community Health, 2014,39(6):1092-1096.
[32]
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