Abstract：As a new type of leisure travel lifestyle, Music festival has rapidly spread around Chinese cities in recent years. In the past, Western studies have concluded that the festival & events are closely related to the liminal, while the Heterotopia provided a new perspective for our overall understanding of the festival & events space. In the case study of the Midi music festival, the article explored this new consumer sites adopted a reflective anthropological methodological package, including the long-term participatory observation, in-depth field investigation, interviews and data analysis. This paper uses Foucault's concept of Heterotopia as analytical tool to further understandings of how the alternative space built up by the spatial practice in music festival. The results empirically illustrate the well-established argument that the functions carried by Midi music festival gradually changed from the rebellious "exit" to the "playful" lifestyle with the diachronic; the findings also attest to the manner in which festivals juxtapose several incompatible spaces, creating a diverse array of contradictory and unified events space by spatial practice. The findings illustrate that from the cultural practice in space, the music festival offers a transformed social space to allow for more flexible social rules and changes in acceptance of non-traditional behaviors and anti-structure actions. The spatial attribute of the festival also been reconstructed through the use, adaptation and transformation of the festival participants, making the original park space become their compensation space for the ideal life. Meanwhile, although the festival spaces are short-term, fluid and cyclical, the function and elemental arrangement and the cultural temperament of the festivals are stable, creating an open and close system that start and end with the festival in time and space, and becomes an exclusive, symmetrical and indivisible Heterotopia.
吴少峰, 戴光全. 异托邦：音乐节事活动的空间实践——以迷笛音乐节为例[J]. 人文地理, 2018, 33(3): 44-51.
WU Shao-feng, DAI Guang-quan. HETEROTOPIA: A STUDY ON THE SPATIAL PRACTICE OF MIDI MUSIC FESTIVAL. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, 2018, 33(3): 44-51.
张敏,熊帼.基于日常生活的消费空间生产:一个消费空间的文化研究框架[J].人文地理,2013,28(2):38-44.[Zhang Min, Xiong Guo. Production of consuming spaces:A culture approach based on theories of everyday life[J]. Human Geography, 2013,28(2):38-44.]
[2]
叶超.人文地理学空间思想的几次重大转折[J].人文地理,2012,27(5):1-5.[Ye Chao.The significant turns of thoughts on space in human geography[J]. Human Geography, 2012,27(5):1-5.]
[15]
Wieck S. The Happy Heterotopia:Science and Leisure in the Christchurch Botanic Gardens[D]. Christchurch:University of Canterbury, 2006:16-22.
[13]
Knight K T. Placeless places:Resolving the paradox of Foucault's heterotopia[J]. Textual Practice, 2017,31(1):141-158.
[14]
Genocchi B. Discourse, discontinuity, difference. The question of ‘other’ spaces//Watsons Gibson K(Eds.). Postmodern Cities and Spaces[M]. Oxford:Blackwell, 1995:35-46.
[3]
Lefebvre H. The Production of Space[M]. Oxford:Blackwell, 1991:141-145.
[16]
Philips D, Crouch D. Narrativised Spaces:The Functions of Story in the Theme Park[M]. London:Routledge, 1999:91-107.
[14]
Genocchi B. Discourse, discontinuity, difference. The question of ‘other’ spaces//Watsons Gibson K(Eds.). Postmodern Cities and Spaces[M]. Oxford:Blackwell, 1995:35-46.
[15]
Wieck S. The Happy Heterotopia:Science and Leisure in the Christchurch Botanic Gardens[D]. Christchurch:University of Canterbury, 2006:16-22.
[4]
Michel De Certeau. The Practice of Everyday Life[M]. Berkeley:University of California Press, 1984:xxii.
[17]
Allweil Y, Kallus R. Public-space heterotopias:Heterotopias of masculinity along the Tel Aviv shoreline//Dehaene M, Cauter de L. Heterotopia and the City:Public Space in a Postcivil Society[M]. London:Routledge, 2008:191-201.
[15]
Wieck S. The Happy Heterotopia:Science and Leisure in the Christchurch Botanic Gardens[D]. Christchurch:University of Canterbury, 2006:16-22.
[16]
Philips D, Crouch D. Narrativised Spaces:The Functions of Story in the Theme Park[M]. London:Routledge, 1999:91-107.
[5]
吴飞. "空间实践"与诗意的抵抗——解读米歇尔·德塞图的日常生活实践理论[J].社会学研究,2009(2):177-199.[Wu Fei. Spatial practice and poetic resistance:On Michel de Certeau's theory of the practice of everyday life[J]. Socialogical Studies, 2009(2):177-199.]
[18]
Turner V. Liminal to liminoid, in play, flow and ritual:An essay in comparative symbology[J]. Rice University Studies, 1974,60(3):53-92.
[16]
Philips D, Crouch D. Narrativised Spaces:The Functions of Story in the Theme Park[M]. London:Routledge, 1999:91-107.
[17]
Allweil Y, Kallus R. Public-space heterotopias:Heterotopias of masculinity along the Tel Aviv shoreline//Dehaene M, Cauter de L. Heterotopia and the City:Public Space in a Postcivil Society[M]. London:Routledge, 2008:191-201.
[6]
谢晓如,封丹,朱竑.对文化微空间的感知与认同研究——以广州太古汇方所文化书店为例[J].地理学报,2014,69(2):184-198.[Xie Xiaoru, Feng Dan, Zhu Hong. Production of consuming spaces:A culture approach based on theories of everyday life[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014,69(2):184-198.]
[19]
Getz D. Event Studies:Theory, Research and Policy for Planned Events[M]. Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007:157-159.
[17]
Allweil Y, Kallus R. Public-space heterotopias:Heterotopias of masculinity along the Tel Aviv shoreline//Dehaene M, Cauter de L. Heterotopia and the City:Public Space in a Postcivil Society[M]. London:Routledge, 2008:191-201.
[7]
Gibson C. Cultures at work:Why ‘culture’ matters in research on the ‘cultural’ industries[J]. Social & Cultural Geography, 2003,4(2):201-215.
[8]
王丰龙,刘云刚.空间的生产研究综述与展望[J].人文地理,2011,26(2):13-19.[Wang Fenglong, Liu Yungang. A review of researches on the production of space[J]. Human Geography, 2011,26(2):13-19.]
[18]
Turner V. Liminal to liminoid, in play, flow and ritual:An essay in comparative symbology[J]. Rice University Studies, 1974,60(3):53-92.
[20]
Jaimangaljones D, Pritchard A, Morgan N. Going the distance:Locating journey, liminality and rites of passage in dance music experiences[J]. Leisure Studies, 2010,29(3):253-268.
[9]
Malam L. Bodies, beaches and bars:Negotiating heterosexual masculinity in southern Thailand's tourism industry[J]. Gender Place & Culture, 2008,15(6):581-594.
[18]
Turner V. Liminal to liminoid, in play, flow and ritual:An essay in comparative symbology[J]. Rice University Studies, 1974,60(3):53-92.
[19]
Getz D. Event Studies:Theory, Research and Policy for Planned Events[M]. Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007:157-159.
[21]
John S G. Alternative cultural heterotopia and the liminoid body:Beyond turner at confest spaces[J]. The Australian Journal of Anthropology, 2001,12(1):47-66.
[10]
Foucault M, Miskowiec J. Of other spaces[J]. Diacritics, 1986,16(1):22-27.
[19]
Getz D. Event Studies:Theory, Research and Policy for Planned Events[M]. Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007:157-159.
[20]
Jaimangaljones D, Pritchard A, Morgan N. Going the distance:Locating journey, liminality and rites of passage in dance music experiences[J]. Leisure Studies, 2010,29(3):253-268.
[22]
Weller S. Consuming the city:Public fashion festivals and the participatory economies of urban spaces in melbourne, Australia[J]. Urban Studies, 2013,50(14):2853-2868.
[20]
Jaimangaljones D, Pritchard A, Morgan N. Going the distance:Locating journey, liminality and rites of passage in dance music experiences[J]. Leisure Studies, 2010,29(3):253-268.
[11]
Bloch E,梦海.乌托邦是我们时代的哲学范畴[J].现代哲学,2005(4):73-75.[Bloch E, Meng Hai. Utopia is a philosophical category in our time[J]. Modern Philosophy, 2005(4):73-75.]
[21]
John S G. Alternative cultural heterotopia and the liminoid body:Beyond turner at confest spaces[J]. The Australian Journal of Anthropology, 2001,12(1):47-66.
[23]
Pløger J. Presence-experiences:The eventalisation of urban space[J]. Environment & Planning D (Society & Space), 2010,28(5):848-866.
[21]
John S G. Alternative cultural heterotopia and the liminoid body:Beyond turner at confest spaces[J]. The Australian Journal of Anthropology, 2001,12(1):47-66.
[22]
Weller S. Consuming the city:Public fashion festivals and the participatory economies of urban spaces in melbourne, Australia[J]. Urban Studies, 2013,50(14):2853-2868.
[12]
夏健,王勇.基于"异托邦"的历史街区营造[J].城市问题,2010(3):5-9.[Xia Jian, Wang Yong. History district construction based on heterotopia[J]. Urban Problems, 2010(3):5-9.]
[24]
Gibson C. Tamworth, Australia's ‘country music capital’:Place marketing, rurality, and resident reactions[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 2004,20(4):387-404.
[22]
Weller S. Consuming the city:Public fashion festivals and the participatory economies of urban spaces in melbourne, Australia[J]. Urban Studies, 2013,50(14):2853-2868.
[23]
Pløger J. Presence-experiences:The eventalisation of urban space[J]. Environment & Planning D (Society & Space), 2010,28(5):848-866.
[13]
Knight K T. Placeless places:Resolving the paradox of Foucault's heterotopia[J]. Textual Practice, 2017,31(1):141-158.
[25]
Curtis R A. Australia's capital of jazz? The (re)creation of place, music and community at the Wangaratta Jazz festival[J]. Australian Geographer, 2010,41(1):101-116.
[23]
Pløger J. Presence-experiences:The eventalisation of urban space[J]. Environment & Planning D (Society & Space), 2010,28(5):848-866.
[24]
Gibson C. Tamworth, Australia's ‘country music capital’:Place marketing, rurality, and resident reactions[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 2004,20(4):387-404.
[14]
Genocchi B. Discourse, discontinuity, difference. The question of ‘other’ spaces//Watsons Gibson K(Eds.). Postmodern Cities and Spaces[M]. Oxford:Blackwell, 1995:35-46.
[26]
王曼曼,张敏.表演性视角下音乐节的空间生产——以太湖迷笛音乐节为例[J].地理研究,2017,36(2):294-306.[Wang Manman, Zhang Min. Production of the music festival space from the performative perspective:Case of Taihu Midi music festival, China[J]. Geographical Research, 2017,36(2):294-306.]
[27]
北京商报.十年迷笛:中国现代音乐节的盈利路[EB/OL].(2009-05-15)[2016-11-20].http://finance.ifeng.com/roll/20090427/585984.shtml.[Beijing Business Today. Ten years Midi:Modern music festivals' gain in China[EB/OL]. (2009-05-15)[2016-11-20].http://finance.ifeng.com/roll/20090427/585984.shtml.]
[24]
Gibson C. Tamworth, Australia's ‘country music capital’:Place marketing, rurality, and resident reactions[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 2004,20(4):387-404.
[25]
Curtis R A. Australia's capital of jazz? The (re)creation of place, music and community at the Wangaratta Jazz festival[J]. Australian Geographer, 2010,41(1):101-116.
[15]
Wieck S. The Happy Heterotopia:Science and Leisure in the Christchurch Botanic Gardens[D]. Christchurch:University of Canterbury, 2006:16-22.
[28]
Walsh D. Doing ethnography//Seale C. Researching Society and Culture[M]. London:Sage, 1998:217-232.
[25]
Curtis R A. Australia's capital of jazz? The (re)creation of place, music and community at the Wangaratta Jazz festival[J]. Australian Geographer, 2010,41(1):101-116.
[26]
王曼曼,张敏.表演性视角下音乐节的空间生产——以太湖迷笛音乐节为例[J].地理研究,2017,36(2):294-306.[Wang Manman, Zhang Min. Production of the music festival space from the performative perspective:Case of Taihu Midi music festival, China[J]. Geographical Research, 2017,36(2):294-306.]
[27]
北京商报.十年迷笛:中国现代音乐节的盈利路[EB/OL].(2009-05-15)[2016-11-20].http://finance.ifeng.com/roll/20090427/585984.shtml.[Beijing Business Today. Ten years Midi:Modern music festivals' gain in China[EB/OL]. (2009-05-15)[2016-11-20].http://finance.ifeng.com/roll/20090427/585984.shtml.]
[16]
Philips D, Crouch D. Narrativised Spaces:The Functions of Story in the Theme Park[M]. London:Routledge, 1999:91-107.
[29]
张武宜.学习"玩"——迷笛音乐节个案研究[D].香港:香港中文大学,2013.[Zhang Wuyi. Learning to "Play":A Case Study of Midi Music Festival[D]. HongKong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013.]
[26]
王曼曼,张敏.表演性视角下音乐节的空间生产——以太湖迷笛音乐节为例[J].地理研究,2017,36(2):294-306.[Wang Manman, Zhang Min. Production of the music festival space from the performative perspective:Case of Taihu Midi music festival, China[J]. Geographical Research, 2017,36(2):294-306.]
[27]
北京商报.十年迷笛:中国现代音乐节的盈利路[EB/OL].(2009-05-15)[2016-11-20].http://finance.ifeng.com/roll/20090427/585984.shtml.[Beijing Business Today. Ten years Midi:Modern music festivals' gain in China[EB/OL]. (2009-05-15)[2016-11-20].http://finance.ifeng.com/roll/20090427/585984.shtml.]
[28]
Walsh D. Doing ethnography//Seale C. Researching Society and Culture[M]. London:Sage, 1998:217-232.
[17]
Allweil Y, Kallus R. Public-space heterotopias:Heterotopias of masculinity along the Tel Aviv shoreline//Dehaene M, Cauter de L. Heterotopia and the City:Public Space in a Postcivil Society[M]. London:Routledge, 2008:191-201.
[30]
Bonazzi A. Heterotopology and geography:A reflection[J]. Space & Culture, 2002,5(1):42-48.
[28]
Walsh D. Doing ethnography//Seale C. Researching Society and Culture[M]. London:Sage, 1998:217-232.
[29]
张武宜.学习"玩"——迷笛音乐节个案研究[D].香港:香港中文大学,2013.[Zhang Wuyi. Learning to "Play":A Case Study of Midi Music Festival[D]. HongKong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013.]
[18]
Turner V. Liminal to liminoid, in play, flow and ritual:An essay in comparative symbology[J]. Rice University Studies, 1974,60(3):53-92.
[31]
Quinn B, Wilks L, Festival heterotopias:Spatial and temporal transformations in two small-scale settlements[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 2017,53(3):35-44.
[29]
张武宜.学习"玩"——迷笛音乐节个案研究[D].香港:香港中文大学,2013.[Zhang Wuyi. Learning to "Play":A Case Study of Midi Music Festival[D]. HongKong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013.]
[30]
Bonazzi A. Heterotopology and geography:A reflection[J]. Space & Culture, 2002,5(1):42-48.
[19]
Getz D. Event Studies:Theory, Research and Policy for Planned Events[M]. Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007:157-159.
[32]
Andriotis K. Heterotopic erotic oases:The public nude beach experience[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2010,37(4):1076-1096.
[30]
Bonazzi A. Heterotopology and geography:A reflection[J]. Space & Culture, 2002,5(1):42-48.
[31]
Quinn B, Wilks L, Festival heterotopias:Spatial and temporal transformations in two small-scale settlements[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 2017,53(3):35-44.
[20]
Jaimangaljones D, Pritchard A, Morgan N. Going the distance:Locating journey, liminality and rites of passage in dance music experiences[J]. Leisure Studies, 2010,29(3):253-268.
[33]
Hetherington K. The Badlands of Modernity:Heterotopia and Social Ordering[M]. London:Routledge, 1997:31.
[31]
Quinn B, Wilks L, Festival heterotopias:Spatial and temporal transformations in two small-scale settlements[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 2017,53(3):35-44.
[32]
Andriotis K. Heterotopic erotic oases:The public nude beach experience[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2010,37(4):1076-1096.
[21]
John S G. Alternative cultural heterotopia and the liminoid body:Beyond turner at confest spaces[J]. The Australian Journal of Anthropology, 2001,12(1):47-66.
[34]
Evans R. Paradise on the margins or paradise lost? Tolerance, permissiveness and conflict on wreck beach[C]//Hart K, Mauthner N. Arkleton Research Papers No.5. Aberdeen:University of Aberdeen, 2000:5.
[32]
Andriotis K. Heterotopic erotic oases:The public nude beach experience[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2010,37(4):1076-1096.
[33]
Hetherington K. The Badlands of Modernity:Heterotopia and Social Ordering[M]. London:Routledge, 1997:31.
[22]
Weller S. Consuming the city:Public fashion festivals and the participatory economies of urban spaces in melbourne, Australia[J]. Urban Studies, 2013,50(14):2853-2868.
[35]
Harvey D. The Condition of Postmodernity:An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change[M]. Oxford:Blackwell, 1989:218.
[33]
Hetherington K. The Badlands of Modernity:Heterotopia and Social Ordering[M]. London:Routledge, 1997:31.
[23]
Pløger J. Presence-experiences:The eventalisation of urban space[J]. Environment & Planning D (Society & Space), 2010,28(5):848-866.
[34]
Evans R. Paradise on the margins or paradise lost? Tolerance, permissiveness and conflict on wreck beach[C]//Hart K, Mauthner N. Arkleton Research Papers No.5. Aberdeen:University of Aberdeen, 2000:5.
[34]
Evans R. Paradise on the margins or paradise lost? Tolerance, permissiveness and conflict on wreck beach[C]//Hart K, Mauthner N. Arkleton Research Papers No.5. Aberdeen:University of Aberdeen, 2000:5.
[24]
Gibson C. Tamworth, Australia's ‘country music capital’:Place marketing, rurality, and resident reactions[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 2004,20(4):387-404.
[35]
Harvey D. The Condition of Postmodernity:An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change[M]. Oxford:Blackwell, 1989:218.
[25]
Curtis R A. Australia's capital of jazz? The (re)creation of place, music and community at the Wangaratta Jazz festival[J]. Australian Geographer, 2010,41(1):101-116.
[35]
Harvey D. The Condition of Postmodernity:An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change[M]. Oxford:Blackwell, 1989:218.
