|
|
|
| THE SPATIAL LAYOUT AND INFLUENCING FACTORS OF MULTINATIONAL RETAIL DIET BRANDS: A CASE STUDY OF STARBUCKS IN GUANGZHOU |
| ZENG Guo-jun, LU Ru-rui |
| School of Tourism Management, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China |
|
|
|
|
Abstract With the process of consumption of globalizationand the gradual implementation of the policy of opening up China's retail industry, the foreign retails distributed in the country quickly to strengthen its localization operations in China. From the expansion of the scale and rate of expansion, the expansion of KFC, McDonald's, HaagenDazs, Starbucks and other multinational food and beverage companies is the most typical. In this paper, the multinational food brands Starbucks is been selected as the research object, the article explores it's spatial distribution and location selection factors. Under the local scale, 76 Starbucks stores in Guangzhou are selected as the research object, and by means of the nearest neighbor analysis tools, Ripley's K function, standard deviation ellipse analysis method based on the nearest hot spot analysis, hierarchical clustering and buffer analysis, the paper discusses the spatial distribution, spatial distribution patterns in different observation scales, the spatial distribution of direction, spatial distribution hotspots, and the mechanism of the spatial distribution of Starbucks. Theresults show that:1) the spatial distribution pattern showed aggregated and zonal distribution patterns; 2) Starbucks in Guangzhou exhibit northeast-southwest direction characteristics; 3) Starbucks in Guangzhou show ring structure on the spatial distribution density, and its density progressively decreasing from insiders to outsiders; 4) the factors of the internal transportation hub, Trade Areas, as well as the level of urban land significantly affect the spatial distribution of Starbucks stores.
|
|
Received: 23 July 2015
|
|
|
|
| [7] |
Dawson J. Market Centers and Retail Location[J]. Urban Studies, 1991,28(3):497-499.
|
| [7] |
Dawson J. Market Centers and Retail Location[J]. Urban Studies, 1991,28(3):497-499.
|
| [8] |
李婷.零售商业区位理论及其对零售业选址的指导[D].上海:上海社会科学院,2006:12-15.[Li Ting. The Location Theory of the Retail Business and Its Guidance for the Retail Site Selection[D]. Shanghai:Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, 2006:12-15.]
|
| [8] |
李婷.零售商业区位理论及其对零售业选址的指导[D].上海:上海社会科学院,2006:12-15.[Li Ting. The Location Theory of the Retail Business and Its Guidance for the Retail Site Selection[D]. Shanghai:Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, 2006:12-15.]
|
| [9] |
宁越敏.上海市区商业中心区位的探讨[J].地理学报,1984,39(2):163-172.[Ning Yuemin. An approach to shopping center location of Shanghai's urban area[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1984,39(2):163-172.]
|
| [9] |
宁越敏.上海市区商业中心区位的探讨[J].地理学报,1984,39(2):163-172.[Ning Yuemin. An approach to shopping center location of Shanghai's urban area[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1984,39(2):163-172.]
|
| [10] |
仵宗卿,戴学珍.北京市商业中心的空间结构研究[J].城市规划, 2001,25(10):15-19.[Wu Zongqing, Dai Xuezhen. The study on the spatial structure of Beijing's commercial centers[J]. City Planning Review, 2001,25(10):15-19.]
|
| [10] |
仵宗卿,戴学珍.北京市商业中心的空间结构研究[J].城市规划, 2001,25(10):15-19.[Wu Zongqing, Dai Xuezhen. The study on the spatial structure of Beijing's commercial centers[J]. City Planning Review, 2001,25(10):15-19.]
|
| [11] |
罗彦,周春山.城市商业空间结构问题与优化探讨[J].商业经济与管理,2005(1):22-26.[Luo Yan, Zhou Chunshan. Commercial organization innovation:An analysis framework[J]. Business Economics and Administration, 2005(1):22-26.]
|
| [11] |
罗彦,周春山.城市商业空间结构问题与优化探讨[J].商业经济与管理,2005(1):22-26.[Luo Yan, Zhou Chunshan. Commercial organization innovation:An analysis framework[J]. Business Economics and Administration, 2005(1):22-26.]
|
| [12] |
Murphy R E, Vanee J E. Delimiting the CBD[J]. Economic Geography, 1954,30(3):189-222.
|
| [1] |
BerryB J L, Garrison W L. A note on central place theory and the range of a good[J]. Economic Geography, 1958,34(4):304-311.
|
| [12] |
Murphy R E, Vanee J E. Delimiting the CBD[J]. Economic Geography, 1954,30(3):189-222.
|
| [12] |
Murphy R E, Vanee J E. Delimiting the CBD[J]. Economic Geography, 1954,30(3):189-222.
|
| [13] |
Murphy R E, Vanee J E. A comparative study of central business districts[J]. Economic Geography, 1954,30(4):301-336.
|
| [2] |
Berry B J L, Tennant R J. Chicago Commercial Reference Handbook[M]. Chicago:University of Chicago, 1963:48-52.
|
| [13] |
Murphy R E, Vanee J E. A comparative study of central business districts[J]. Economic Geography, 1954,30(4):301-336.
|
| [13] |
Murphy R E, Vanee J E. A comparative study of central business districts[J]. Economic Geography, 1954,30(4):301-336.
|
| [14] |
Getis A. The Determination of the location of retail activities with the use of a map transformation[J]. Economic Geography, 1963,39(1):14-22.
|
| [3] |
Lee Y. A nearest-neighbor spatial-association measure for the analysis of firminterdependence[J]. Environment and Planning A, 1979,11(2):169-176.
|
| [4] |
徐放.北京市的商业服务地理[J].经济地理,1984,4(1):40-46.[Xu Fang. The business services geography of Beijing[J]. Economic Geography, 1984,4(1):40-46.]
|
| [15] |
王希来,崔家立.中国商业地理学[M].北京:红旗出版社,1985:224-235.[Wang Xilai, Cui Jiali. Commercial Geography in China[M]. Beijing:Hongqi Publishing House, 1985:224-235.]
|
| [5] |
阎小培,姚一民.广州第三产业发展变化及空间分布特征分析[J]. 经济地理,1997,17(2):41-48.[Yan Xiaopei, Yao Yimin. Analysis on characteristics of development and spatial distribution of the tertiary sector in Guangzohu[J]. Economic Geography, 1997,17(2):41-48.]
|
| [16] |
朱枫,宋小冬.基于GIS的大型百货零售商业设施布局分析——以上海浦东新区为例[J].武汉大学学报(工学版),2003,36(3):46-52.[Zhu Feng, Song Xiaodong. Application of GIS in spatial location analysis of large retail stores[J]. Engineering Journal of Wuhan University, 2003,36(3):46-52.]
|
| [14] |
Getis A. The Determination of the location of retail activities with the use of a map transformation[J]. Economic Geography, 1963,39(1):14-22.
|
| [14] |
Getis A. The Determination of the location of retail activities with the use of a map transformation[J]. Economic Geography, 1963,39(1):14-22.
|
| [15] |
王希来,崔家立.中国商业地理学[M].北京:红旗出版社,1985:224-235.[Wang Xilai, Cui Jiali. Commercial Geography in China[M]. Beijing:Hongqi Publishing House, 1985:224-235.]
|
| [15] |
王希来,崔家立.中国商业地理学[M].北京:红旗出版社,1985:224-235.[Wang Xilai, Cui Jiali. Commercial Geography in China[M]. Beijing:Hongqi Publishing House, 1985:224-235.]
|
| [16] |
朱枫,宋小冬.基于GIS的大型百货零售商业设施布局分析——以上海浦东新区为例[J].武汉大学学报(工学版),2003,36(3):46-52.[Zhu Feng, Song Xiaodong. Application of GIS in spatial location analysis of large retail stores[J]. Engineering Journal of Wuhan University, 2003,36(3):46-52.]
|
| [16] |
朱枫,宋小冬.基于GIS的大型百货零售商业设施布局分析——以上海浦东新区为例[J].武汉大学学报(工学版),2003,36(3):46-52.[Zhu Feng, Song Xiaodong. Application of GIS in spatial location analysis of large retail stores[J]. Engineering Journal of Wuhan University, 2003,36(3):46-52.]
|
| [6] |
Rushton G. Map transformations of point patterns:Central place patterns in areas of variable population density[J]. Papers of the Regional Science Association, 1972,28(1):111-129.
|
| [17] |
Ghosh A, Craig S. A location model for facility planning in a competitive environment[J]. Geographical Analysis, 1984(1):39-51.
|
| [18] |
陶伟,林敏慧,刘开萌.城市大型连锁超市的空间布局模式探析——以广州"好又多"连锁超市为例[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2006,45(2):97-100.[Tao Wei, Lin Huimin, Liu Kaimeng. Spatial distribution pattern of urban big chain store:A case study of Trust Mart in Guangzhou[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni, 2006,45(2):97-100.]
|
| [19] |
肖琛,陈雯,袁丰,等.大城市内部连锁超市空间分布格局及其区位选择——以南京市苏果超市为例[J].地理研究,2013,32(3):465-475.[Xiao Chen, Chen Wen, Yuan Feng, et al. Spatial pattern and location decision of chain supermarkets within large cities:A case study of Suguo supermarkets in Nanjing[J]. Geographical Research, 2013,32(3):465-475.]
|
| [17] |
Ghosh A, Craig S. A location model for facility planning in a competitive environment[J]. Geographical Analysis, 1984(1):39-51.
|
| [17] |
Ghosh A, Craig S. A location model for facility planning in a competitive environment[J]. Geographical Analysis, 1984(1):39-51.
|
| [7] |
Dawson J. Market Centers and Retail Location[J]. Urban Studies, 1991,28(3):497-499.
|
| [18] |
陶伟,林敏慧,刘开萌.城市大型连锁超市的空间布局模式探析——以广州"好又多"连锁超市为例[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2006,45(2):97-100.[Tao Wei, Lin Huimin, Liu Kaimeng. Spatial distribution pattern of urban big chain store:A case study of Trust Mart in Guangzhou[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni, 2006,45(2):97-100.]
|
| [18] |
陶伟,林敏慧,刘开萌.城市大型连锁超市的空间布局模式探析——以广州"好又多"连锁超市为例[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2006,45(2):97-100.[Tao Wei, Lin Huimin, Liu Kaimeng. Spatial distribution pattern of urban big chain store:A case study of Trust Mart in Guangzhou[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni, 2006,45(2):97-100.]
|
| [19] |
肖琛,陈雯,袁丰,等.大城市内部连锁超市空间分布格局及其区位选择——以南京市苏果超市为例[J].地理研究,2013,32(3):465-475.[Xiao Chen, Chen Wen, Yuan Feng, et al. Spatial pattern and location decision of chain supermarkets within large cities:A case study of Suguo supermarkets in Nanjing[J]. Geographical Research, 2013,32(3):465-475.]
|
| [19] |
肖琛,陈雯,袁丰,等.大城市内部连锁超市空间分布格局及其区位选择——以南京市苏果超市为例[J].地理研究,2013,32(3):465-475.[Xiao Chen, Chen Wen, Yuan Feng, et al. Spatial pattern and location decision of chain supermarkets within large cities:A case study of Suguo supermarkets in Nanjing[J]. Geographical Research, 2013,32(3):465-475.]
|
| [8] |
李婷.零售商业区位理论及其对零售业选址的指导[D].上海:上海社会科学院,2006:12-15.[Li Ting. The Location Theory of the Retail Business and Its Guidance for the Retail Site Selection[D]. Shanghai:Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, 2006:12-15.]
|
| [9] |
宁越敏.上海市区商业中心区位的探讨[J].地理学报,1984,39(2):163-172.[Ning Yuemin. An approach to shopping center location of Shanghai's urban area[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1984,39(2):163-172.]
|
| [10] |
仵宗卿,戴学珍.北京市商业中心的空间结构研究[J].城市规划, 2001,25(10):15-19.[Wu Zongqing, Dai Xuezhen. The study on the spatial structure of Beijing's commercial centers[J]. City Planning Review, 2001,25(10):15-19.]
|
| [11] |
罗彦,周春山.城市商业空间结构问题与优化探讨[J].商业经济与管理,2005(1):22-26.[Luo Yan, Zhou Chunshan. Commercial organization innovation:An analysis framework[J]. Business Economics and Administration, 2005(1):22-26.]
|
| [20] |
Williames, D. Motives for retailer internationalization:Their impact, structure, and implication[J]. Journal of Marketing Management, 1992,8(3):269-285.
|
| [20] |
Williames, D. Motives for retailer internationalization:Their impact, structure, and implication[J]. Journal of Marketing Management, 1992,8(3):269-285.
|
| [20] |
Williames, D. Motives for retailer internationalization:Their impact, structure, and implication[J]. Journal of Marketing Management, 1992,8(3):269-285.
|
| [12] |
Murphy R E, Vanee J E. Delimiting the CBD[J]. Economic Geography, 1954,30(3):189-222.
|
| [21] |
Hollander S. Multinational Retailing[M]. East Lansing:Michigan State University Press, 2001:47-52.
|
| [21] |
Hollander S. Multinational Retailing[M]. East Lansing:Michigan State University Press, 2001:47-52.
|
| [21] |
Hollander S. Multinational Retailing[M]. East Lansing:Michigan State University Press, 2001:47-52.
|
| [13] |
Murphy R E, Vanee J E. A comparative study of central business districts[J]. Economic Geography, 1954,30(4):301-336.
|
| [22] |
Alexander N. International Retailing[J]. Blackwell Business, 1997:18-20.
|
| [23] |
汪旭晖.零售国际化:动因、模式与行为研究[M].大连:东北财经大学出版社,2006:143-147.[Wang Xuhui. Retail Internationalization:Motives, Patterns and Behavior[M]. Dalian:Dongbei University of Finance and Economics Press, 2006:143-147.]
|
| [24] |
汪旭晖.跨国零售企业进军中国市场的动因与策略[J].市场营销导刊,2007:14-18.[Wang Xuhui. The motivation and strategy of the multinational retail enterprises entering in the Chinese market[J]. Marketing Herald, 2007:14-18.]
|
| [22] |
Alexander N. International Retailing[J]. Blackwell Business, 1997:18-20.
|
| [22] |
Alexander N. International Retailing[J]. Blackwell Business, 1997:18-20.
|
| [23] |
汪旭晖.零售国际化:动因、模式与行为研究[M].大连:东北财经大学出版社,2006:143-147.[Wang Xuhui. Retail Internationalization:Motives, Patterns and Behavior[M]. Dalian:Dongbei University of Finance and Economics Press, 2006:143-147.]
|
| [23] |
汪旭晖.零售国际化:动因、模式与行为研究[M].大连:东北财经大学出版社,2006:143-147.[Wang Xuhui. Retail Internationalization:Motives, Patterns and Behavior[M]. Dalian:Dongbei University of Finance and Economics Press, 2006:143-147.]
|
| [25] |
贺灿飞,李燕,尹薇.跨国零售企业在华区位研究——以沃尔玛和家乐福为例[J].世界地理研究,2011,20(1):12-26.[He Canfei, Li Yan, Yin Wei. Foreign retails in China:The case of Wal-Mart and Carrefour[J]. World Regional Studies, 2011,20(1):12-26.]
|
| [26] |
张晴.跨文化背景下的品牌认知研究——以星巴克为例[D].南京:南京林业大学,2009:16-18.[Zhang Qing. Study on the Brand Awareness Under Cross-cultural Background:A Case of Starbucks[D]. Nanjing:Nanjing Forestry University, 2009:16-18.]
|
| [24] |
汪旭晖.跨国零售企业进军中国市场的动因与策略[J].市场营销导刊,2007:14-18.[Wang Xuhui. The motivation and strategy of the multinational retail enterprises entering in the Chinese market[J]. Marketing Herald, 2007:14-18.]
|
| [24] |
汪旭晖.跨国零售企业进军中国市场的动因与策略[J].市场营销导刊,2007:14-18.[Wang Xuhui. The motivation and strategy of the multinational retail enterprises entering in the Chinese market[J]. Marketing Herald, 2007:14-18.]
|
| [14] |
Getis A. The Determination of the location of retail activities with the use of a map transformation[J]. Economic Geography, 1963,39(1):14-22.
|
| [27] |
王薇.跨国餐饮企业在中国的本土化营销策略研究——以肯德基为例[D].北京:首都经济贸易大学,2014:11-14.[Wang Wei. Study on the Localization Marketing Strategy of the Multinational Food and Beverage Companies in China:A Case Study in Kentucky[D]. Beijing:Capital University of Economics, 2014:11-14.]
|
| [15] |
王希来,崔家立.中国商业地理学[M].北京:红旗出版社,1985:224-235.[Wang Xilai, Cui Jiali. Commercial Geography in China[M]. Beijing:Hongqi Publishing House, 1985:224-235.]
|
| [28] |
李巧灵,唐铮,赵申苒.跨国餐饮企业中国本土化研究:以哈根达斯、必胜客、星巴克为例[J].管理现代化,2013(2):59-61.[Li Qiaoling, Tang Zheng, Zhao Shenran. Study on the Chinese localization of multinational food companies:The case of Haagen-Dazs, Pizza Hut, Starbucks[J]. Modernization of Management, 2013(2):59-61.
|
| [25] |
贺灿飞,李燕,尹薇.跨国零售企业在华区位研究——以沃尔玛和家乐福为例[J].世界地理研究,2011,20(1):12-26.[He Canfei, Li Yan, Yin Wei. Foreign retails in China:The case of Wal-Mart and Carrefour[J]. World Regional Studies, 2011,20(1):12-26.]
|
| [26] |
张晴.跨文化背景下的品牌认知研究——以星巴克为例[D].南京:南京林业大学,2009:16-18.[Zhang Qing. Study on the Brand Awareness Under Cross-cultural Background:A Case of Starbucks[D]. Nanjing:Nanjing Forestry University, 2009:16-18.]
|
| [25] |
贺灿飞,李燕,尹薇.跨国零售企业在华区位研究——以沃尔玛和家乐福为例[J].世界地理研究,2011,20(1):12-26.[He Canfei, Li Yan, Yin Wei. Foreign retails in China:The case of Wal-Mart and Carrefour[J]. World Regional Studies, 2011,20(1):12-26.]
|
| [26] |
张晴.跨文化背景下的品牌认知研究——以星巴克为例[D].南京:南京林业大学,2009:16-18.[Zhang Qing. Study on the Brand Awareness Under Cross-cultural Background:A Case of Starbucks[D]. Nanjing:Nanjing Forestry University, 2009:16-18.]
|
| [27] |
王薇.跨国餐饮企业在中国的本土化营销策略研究——以肯德基为例[D].北京:首都经济贸易大学,2014:11-14.[Wang Wei. Study on the Localization Marketing Strategy of the Multinational Food and Beverage Companies in China:A Case Study in Kentucky[D]. Beijing:Capital University of Economics, 2014:11-14.]
|
| [27] |
王薇.跨国餐饮企业在中国的本土化营销策略研究——以肯德基为例[D].北京:首都经济贸易大学,2014:11-14.[Wang Wei. Study on the Localization Marketing Strategy of the Multinational Food and Beverage Companies in China:A Case Study in Kentucky[D]. Beijing:Capital University of Economics, 2014:11-14.]
|
| [16] |
朱枫,宋小冬.基于GIS的大型百货零售商业设施布局分析——以上海浦东新区为例[J].武汉大学学报(工学版),2003,36(3):46-52.[Zhu Feng, Song Xiaodong. Application of GIS in spatial location analysis of large retail stores[J]. Engineering Journal of Wuhan University, 2003,36(3):46-52.]
|
| [28] |
李巧灵,唐铮,赵申苒.跨国餐饮企业中国本土化研究:以哈根达斯、必胜客、星巴克为例[J].管理现代化,2013(2):59-61.[Li Qiaoling, Tang Zheng, Zhao Shenran. Study on the Chinese localization of multinational food companies:The case of Haagen-Dazs, Pizza Hut, Starbucks[J]. Modernization of Management, 2013(2):59-61.
|
| [28] |
李巧灵,唐铮,赵申苒.跨国餐饮企业中国本土化研究:以哈根达斯、必胜客、星巴克为例[J].管理现代化,2013(2):59-61.[Li Qiaoling, Tang Zheng, Zhao Shenran. Study on the Chinese localization of multinational food companies:The case of Haagen-Dazs, Pizza Hut, Starbucks[J]. Modernization of Management, 2013(2):59-61.
|
| [29] |
梁璐.城市餐饮业的空间格局及其影响因素分析——以西安市为例[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),2007,37(6):925-930.[Liang Lu. The distribution in space of urban catering and its factors:Xi'an as an example[J]. Journal of Northwest University(Natural Science Edition), 2007,37(6):925-930.
|
| [30] |
张旭,徐逸伦.南京市餐饮设施空间分布及其影响因素研究[J].热带地理,2009,29(4):362-367.[Zhang Xu, Xu Yilun. Study on the distribution in space of urban caterings and its influencing factors:A case study of Nanjing[J]. Tropical Geography, 2009,29(4):362-367.]
|
| [29] |
梁璐.城市餐饮业的空间格局及其影响因素分析——以西安市为例[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),2007,37(6):925-930.[Liang Lu. The distribution in space of urban catering and its factors:Xi'an as an example[J]. Journal of Northwest University(Natural Science Edition), 2007,37(6):925-930.
|
| [29] |
梁璐.城市餐饮业的空间格局及其影响因素分析——以西安市为例[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),2007,37(6):925-930.[Liang Lu. The distribution in space of urban catering and its factors:Xi'an as an example[J]. Journal of Northwest University(Natural Science Edition), 2007,37(6):925-930.
|
| [30] |
张旭,徐逸伦.南京市餐饮设施空间分布及其影响因素研究[J].热带地理,2009,29(4):362-367.[Zhang Xu, Xu Yilun. Study on the distribution in space of urban caterings and its influencing factors:A case study of Nanjing[J]. Tropical Geography, 2009,29(4):362-367.]
|
| [30] |
张旭,徐逸伦.南京市餐饮设施空间分布及其影响因素研究[J].热带地理,2009,29(4):362-367.[Zhang Xu, Xu Yilun. Study on the distribution in space of urban caterings and its influencing factors:A case study of Nanjing[J]. Tropical Geography, 2009,29(4):362-367.]
|
| [31] |
舒舍玉,王润,孙艳伟,等.城市餐饮业的空间格局及影响因素分析——以厦门市为例[J].热带地理,2012,32(2):134-140.[Shu Sheyu, Wang Run, Sun Yanwei, et al. Spatial distribution of urban catering industry and its influenced factors:A case study of Xiamen City[J]. Tropical Geography, 2012,32(2):134-140.]
|
| [31] |
舒舍玉,王润,孙艳伟,等.城市餐饮业的空间格局及影响因素分析——以厦门市为例[J].热带地理,2012,32(2):134-140.[Shu Sheyu, Wang Run, Sun Yanwei, et al. Spatial distribution of urban catering industry and its influenced factors:A case study of Xiamen City[J]. Tropical Geography, 2012,32(2):134-140.]
|
| [31] |
舒舍玉,王润,孙艳伟,等.城市餐饮业的空间格局及影响因素分析——以厦门市为例[J].热带地理,2012,32(2):134-140.[Shu Sheyu, Wang Run, Sun Yanwei, et al. Spatial distribution of urban catering industry and its influenced factors:A case study of Xiamen City[J]. Tropical Geography, 2012,32(2):134-140.]
|
| [32] |
谢志华,吴必虎.中国资源型景区旅游空间结构研究[J].地理科学, 2008,28(6):748-753.[Xie Zhihua, Wu Bihu. Tourism spatial structure of resources based a attractions in China[J]. Scientia GeographicaSinica, 2008,28(6):748-753.]
|
| [33] |
王文娟.中国主题公园空间分布与优化研究——基于国家A级旅游区(点)的统计[D].芜湖:安徽师范大学,2010:25-26.[Wang Wenjuan. Study on the Distribution and Optimization of the Chinese Theme Park Based on National A-level Tourist Areas (Spots) Statistics[D]. Wuhu:Anhui Normal University, 2010:25-26.]
|
| [32] |
谢志华,吴必虎.中国资源型景区旅游空间结构研究[J].地理科学, 2008,28(6):748-753.[Xie Zhihua, Wu Bihu. Tourism spatial structure of resources based a attractions in China[J]. Scientia GeographicaSinica, 2008,28(6):748-753.]
|
| [32] |
谢志华,吴必虎.中国资源型景区旅游空间结构研究[J].地理科学, 2008,28(6):748-753.[Xie Zhihua, Wu Bihu. Tourism spatial structure of resources based a attractions in China[J]. Scientia GeographicaSinica, 2008,28(6):748-753.]
|
| [33] |
王文娟.中国主题公园空间分布与优化研究——基于国家A级旅游区(点)的统计[D].芜湖:安徽师范大学,2010:25-26.[Wang Wenjuan. Study on the Distribution and Optimization of the Chinese Theme Park Based on National A-level Tourist Areas (Spots) Statistics[D]. Wuhu:Anhui Normal University, 2010:25-26.]
|
| [33] |
王文娟.中国主题公园空间分布与优化研究——基于国家A级旅游区(点)的统计[D].芜湖:安徽师范大学,2010:25-26.[Wang Wenjuan. Study on the Distribution and Optimization of the Chinese Theme Park Based on National A-level Tourist Areas (Spots) Statistics[D]. Wuhu:Anhui Normal University, 2010:25-26.]
|
|
|
|
2017, Vol. 32 
