THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON INTERCITY TRAVEL DURING CHINESE FESTIVALS
ZHAO Zi-yu1, ZHAO Shi-yao1, HAN Zhong-hui2, LIU Lu1, JIA Ju-hui1, WANG Shi-jun3
1. School of Tourism and Geography Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China;
2. School of Management, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China;
3. School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
Abstract：Based on migration data from Baidu, the study compares the difference in population flow between 2020 and 2019 during three important Chinese festivals, i.e., Qingming Festival, Labor Day, and National Day, and explores the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the population travelling between cities during these festivals. The study first points out that the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on such travel. On the Qingming Festival and Labor Day in 2020, the average daily population flow intensity, according to Baidu, decreased by 50.1% and 45.2%, respectively, compared with the same periods in 2019, and there were significant spatial differences in this effect. Second, this study argues that the flow intensity of the population travelling between cities showed a trend of recovery. Meanwhile, the weight and compactness of the population travel network continued to increase. Within this pattern, intercity travel on Labor Day showed recovery in average intensity, but a reduction in average distance, and an increase in network modularity index, indicating that under the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic, people tended to travel short distances, and they were more diversified in destination selection. Finally, this study proposes that the recurrence of local epidemics will have a significant impact on the travel intensity of the population during Chinese festivals in the short term.
赵梓渝, 赵世瑶, 韩钟辉, 刘璐, 贾聚慧, 王士君. COVID-19疫情对中国节日人口城际出行影响研究[J]. 人文地理, 2022, 37(2): 141-149,172.
ZHAO Zi-yu, ZHAO Shi-yao, HAN Zhong-hui, LIU Lu, JIA Ju-hui, WANG Shi-jun. THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON INTERCITY TRAVEL DURING CHINESE FESTIVALS. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, 2022, 37(2): 141-149,172.
Karabulut G, Bilgin M H, Demir E, et al. How pandemics affect tourism:International evidence[J/OL]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2020,84:102991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102991.
[2]
Novelli M, Burgess L G, Jones A, et al. "No Ebola…still doomed":The Ebola- induced tourism crisis[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2018,70:76-87.
[3]
Liu A Y, Pratt S H. Tourism's vulnerability and resilience to terrorism[J]. Tourism Management, 2017,60:404-417.
[4]
Haque T H, Haque M O. The swine flu and its impacts on tourism in Brunei[J]. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 2018, 36:92-101.
[5]
Fletcher J, Morakabati Y. Tourism activity, terrorism and political instability within the commonwealth:The cases of Fiji and Kenya[J]. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2008,10(6):537-556.
[6]
李涛,王姣娥,高兴川.中国居民工作日与节假日的城际出行网络异同性研究[J].地理学报,2020,75(4):833-848.[Li Tao, Wang Jiao'e, Gao Xingchuan. Comparison of inter-city travel network during weekdays and holiday in China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020,75(4):833-848.]
[7]
童昀,马勇,刘海猛.COVID-19疫情对中国城市人口迁徙的短期影响及城市恢复力评价[J].地理学报,2020,75(11):2505-2520.[Tong Yun, Ma Yong, Liu Haimeng. The short-term impact of COVID-19 epidemic on the migration of Chinese urban population and the evaluation of Chinese urban resilience[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020,75(11):2505-2520.]
[8]
Seabra C, Reis P, Abrantes J L. The influence of terrorism in tourism arrivals:A longitudinal approach in a mediterranean country[J/OL]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2020,80:102811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.102811.
[9]
Jin X, Qu M Y, Bao J G. Impact of crisis events on Chinese outbound tourist flow:A framework for post-events growth[J]. Tourism Management, 2019,74:334-344.
[10]
Choe Y, Wang J H, Song H J. The impact of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus on inbound tourism in south Korea toward sustainable tourism[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2020, 29(7):1117-1133.
[11]
Rosselló J, Becken S, Santana-Gallego M. The effects of natural disasters on international tourism:A global analysis[J/OL]. Tourism Management, 2020,79:104080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020. 104080.
[12]
Seraphin H. Natural disaster and destination management:The case of the Caribbean and hurricane Irma[J]. Current Issues in Tourism, 2019,22(1):21-28.
[13]
Handler I. The impact of the Fukushima disaster on Japan's travel image:An exploratory study on Taiwanese travellers[J]. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 2016,27:12-17.
[14]
Xu D, Huang Z F, Hou G L, et al. The spatial spillover effects of haze pollution on inbound tourism:Evidence from mid-eastern China[J]. Tourism Geographies, 2020,22(1):83-104.
[15]
Zhou X G, Jiménez Y S, Rodríguez J V P, et al. Air pollution and tourism demand:A case study of Beijing, China[J]. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2019,21(6):747-757.
[16]
Peng J, Xiao H L, Wang J, et al. Impact of severe smog on travel demand of residents in tourist generating places:A case study of Beijing[J]. Current Issues in Tourism, 2020,23(16):2009-2026.
[17]
Demir E, Simonyan S, Chen M H, et al. Asymmetric effects of geopolitical risks on Turkey's tourist arrivals[J]. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 2020,45:23-26.
[18]
Bassil C, Saleh A S, Anwar S. Terrorism and tourism demand:A case study of Lebanon, Turkey and Israel[J]. Current Issues in Tourism, 2019,22(1):50-70.
[19]
Corbet S, O'Connell J F, Efthymiou M, et al. The impact of terrorism on European tourism[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2019,75:1-17.
[20]
王少华,王璐,王梦茵,等.新冠肺炎疫情对河南省旅游业的冲击表征及影响机理研究[J].地域研究与开发,2020,39(2):1-7.[Wang Shaohua, Wang Lu, Wang Mengyin, et al. Study on impact characterization and influence mechanism of novel coronavirus pneumonia on tourism industry in Henan province[J]. Areal Research and Development, 2020,39(2):1-7.]
[21]
Neuburger L, Egger R. Travel risk perception and travel behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020:A case study of the DACH region[J]. Current Issues in Tourism, 2020,24(7):1003-1016.
[22]
李锋,孙根年.基于旅游本底线法(TBLM)的旅游危机事件研究——以2003年"SARS"事件为例[J].人文地理,2006,21(4):102- 105.[Li Feng, Sun Gennian. Study on tourism crisis events based on the Bottom Line Method (TBLM):Takes the "SARS" in 2003 as an example[J]. Human Geography, 2006,21(4):102-105.]
[23]
Page S, Song H, Wu D C. Assessing the impacts of the global economic crisis and swine flu on inbound tourism demand in the United Kingdom[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 2012,51(2):142-153.
[24]
薛冰,肖骁,苏芳,等.地理学在新冠肺炎疫情早期防控中的学术响应及展望[J].地理科学,2020,40(10):1593-1600.[Xue Bing, Xiao Xiao, Su Fang, et al. Geographical academic responses and outlook in the novel coronavirus pneumonia epidemic prevention and control[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2020,40(10):1593-1600.]
[25]
柴彦威,许伟麟,张文佳,等.新冠肺炎疫情精准防控的时空间行为地理学研究框架[J].地理科学,2020,40(10):1585-1592.[Chai Yanwei, Xu Weilin, Zhang Wenjia, et al. A research framework of precise epidemic prevention and control from the perspective of spacetime behavioral geography[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2020, 40(10):1585-1592.]
[26]
赵梓渝,杨冉,魏冶,等.中国人口流动重力模型回归系数的定量估算 及其 空间 异质 性研 究[J]. 地理 科学,2018,38(9):1439- 1448.[Zhao Ziyu, Yang Ran, Wei Ye, et al. Quantitative estimation and spatial heterogeneity of the regression coefficient of the population flow gravity model in China[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2018, 38(9):1439-1448.]
[27]
朱鹏程,张宇,曹卫东,等.长三角企业经营管理人才空间分布及其地理流动网络——基于上市公司董监高团队数据分析[J].人文地理,2020,35(4):121-129.[Zhu Pengcheng, Zhang Yu, Cao Weidong, et al. Spatial distribution and geographical mobile network of enterprise management talents in yangtze river delta:Based on the data of senior executive director team of listed company[J]. Human Geography, 2020,35(4):121-129.]
[28]
陈双,周锐,高峻.基于腾讯迁徙大数据的长三角城市群春运人口流动时空特征[J].人文地理,2020,35(4):130-138.[Chen Shuang, Zhou Rui, Gao Jun. Spatial-temporal characteristics of population flow during Spring Festival travel rush in Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration based on tencent migration data[J]. Human Geography, 2020,35(4):130-138.]
[29]
Newman M E J, Girvan M. Finding and evaluating community structure in networks[J/OL]. Physical Review E, Statistical Nonlinear and Soft Matter Physics, 2004,69:026113. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.69.026113.
[30]
罗长远,司春晓.在线教育会拉大不同家庭条件学生的差距吗?——以新冠肺炎疫情为准自然实验[J].财经研究,2020, 46(11):4-18.[Luo Changyuan, Si Chunxiao. Does online education widen the gap between students with different family conditions? A quasi- natural experiment based on COVID- 19[J]. Journal of Finance and Economics, 2020,46(11):4-18.]
[31]
赵梓渝,魏冶,王士君,等.有向加权城市网络的转变中心性与控制力测度——以中国春运人口流动网络为例[J].地理研究,2017, 36(4):647- 660.[Zhao Ziyu, Wei Ye, Wang Shijun, et al. Measurement of directed alternative centricity and power of directed weighted urban network:A case of population flow network of China during "Chunyun" period[J]. Geographical Research, 2017,36(4):647- 660.]
[32]
龙小宁,万威.环境规制、企业利润率与合规成本规模异质性[J].中国工业经济,2017(6):155-174.[Long Xiaoning, Wan Wei. Environmental regulation, corporate profit margins and compliance cost heterogeneity of different scale enterprises[J]. China Industrial Economics, 2017(6):155-174.]
[33]
赖建波,潘竟虎.基于腾讯迁徙数据的中国"春运"城市间人口流动空间格局[J].人文地理,2019,34(3):108-117.[Lai Jianbo, Pan Jinghu. Spatial pattern of population flow among cities in China during the Spring Festival travel rush based on"tencent migration"data[J]. Human Geography, 2019,34(3):108-117.]
[34]
赵梓渝,魏冶,庞瑞秋,等.基于人口省际流动的中国城市网络转变中心性与控制力研究——兼论递归理论用于城市网络研究的条件 性[J]. 地理 学报,2017,72(6):1032- 1048.[Zhao Ziyu, Wei Ye, Pang Ruiqiu, et al. Alter-based centrality and power of Chinese city network using inter-provincial population flow[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017,72(6):1032-1048.]
