Abstract:Evaluating the quality of tourism experience is crucial both for tourists' assessment of their travel experiences and for the tourism industry's enhancement of service quality. This paper first investigates the core essence of tourists' embodied experience quality based on the theory of embodiment. The construct of embodied tourism experience quality is defined as the extent of emotional and affective perceptions that tourists can acquire through their "phenomenal body" within a specifically organized tourism scene. The manifestations include the tourist's body, tourism scenes, and the interaction level between them. We employ a rigorous scale development process that includes theoretical deduction, content analysis, focus group interviews, and surveys to create a reliable and valid scale for measuring tourists' embodied experience quality. The scale comprises 21 items encompassing six specific dimensions: intensified sense experience, cross-modal sensory experience, and overall physical experience at the physical level; embodied awareness of the tourism scene at the scene organization level; surprising delight, and emotional sublimation at the emotional level. The tourism scene level of embodied tourism experience quality indicates the invisible power of contexts that attract and encourage tourists' physical and sensorial participations into the tourism related activities by virtue of concrete facilities, clues or elements placed in the scene. The emotional level of embodied tourism experience quality mainly emphasizes an ideal tourist-tourism scene interaction status such as the surprising delight mood and the emotion sublimation. The surprising delight mood corresponds with immersed pleasant emotions such as pleasure, flow, and peak experience, while the emotion sublimation usually comes with spiritual or internal transformations after enduring great physical challenges.
Chi C G, Pan L, Del Chiappa G. Examining destination personality: Its antecedents and outcomes[J]. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 2018, 9:149-159.
[2]
樊友猛, 谢彦君“. 体验”的内涵与旅游体验属性新探[J]. 旅游学刊, 2017, 32(11):16-25. [Fan Youmeng, Xie Yanjun. An exploration of experience connotations and tourist experience characteristics[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2017, 32(11):16-25.]
[3]
马天. 旅游体验测量方法:重要回顾与展望[J]. 旅游科学, 2019, 33(3):37-49. [Ma Tian. On measurement methods of tourist experience: A critical review and prospect[J]. Tourism Science, 2019, 33(3):37-49.]
[4]
孙小龙, 林璧属, 郜捷.旅游体验质量评价述评:研究进展,要素解读与展望[J]. 人文地理, 2018, 33(1):143-151. [Sun Xiaolong, Lin Bishu, Gao Jie. A review on the quality assessment of tourism experience: Advances, elements and prospects[J]. Human Geography, 2018, 33(1):143-151.]
[5]
Zatori A, Smith M K, Puczko L. Experience-involvement, memorability and authenticity: The service provider's effect on tourist experience[J]. Tourism Management, 2018, 67:111-126.
[6]
Kim J, Ritchie J R B, McCormick B. Development of a scale to measure memorable tourism experiences[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 2012, 51(1):12-25.
[7]
谢彦君, 胡迎春, 王丹平.工业旅游具身体验模型:具身障碍、障碍移除和具身实现[J]. 旅游科学, 2018, 32(4):1-16. [Xie Yanjun, Hu Yingchun, Wang Danping. The embodied experience model of industrial tourism: Embodied obstacles, obstacles remove and embodied realization[J]. Tourism Science, 2018, 32(4):1-16.]
[8]
叶浩生“. 具身”涵义的理论辨析[J]. 心理学报, 2014, 59(7):1032-1042. [Ye Haosheng. Theoretical analysis of the meaning of embodiment[J]. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 2014, 59(7):1032-1042.]
[9]
樊友猛. 具身范式下的乡村旅游体验研究[D]. 大连:东北财经大学, 2017:44-48. [Fan Youmeng. A Study on Rural Tourism Experience in the Perspective of Embodiment Paradigm[D]. Dalian: Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, 2017:44-48.]
[10]
谢辉基, 杨振之.论旅游体验研究中的“身体”现象及其认知[J]. 旅游学刊, 2020, 35(7):117-132. [Xie Huiji, Yang Zhenzhi. On the phenomena and cognition of the“body”in the research of tourism experience[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2020, 35(7):117-132.]
[11]
叶浩生.具身认知:认知心理学的新取向[J]. 心理科学进展, 2010, 18(5):705-710. [Ye Haosheng. Embodied cognition: A new approach in cognitive psychology[J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2010, 18(5):705-710.]
[12]
蔡少燕, 陶伟.从漠视到觉醒:西方旅游研究对身体的再认识[J]. 人文地理, 2019, 34(4):1-12. [Cai Shaoyan, Tao Wei. From indifference to awakening: The rethink of western tourism studies on body [J]. Human Geography, 2019, 34(4):1-12.]
[13]
贾慧敏, 张运来.虚拟旅游产品体验中游客幸福感的生成机制研究——基于具身体验视角[J]. 旅游科学, 2022, 36(3):17-35. [Jia Huimin, Zhang Yunlai. A research on the generation mechanism of tourist well-being in virtual reality tourism product experience: Based on the embodied experience view[J]. Tourism Science, 2022, 36(3):17-35.]
[14]
吴俊, 唐代剑. 旅游体验研究的新视角:具身理论[J]. 旅游学刊, 2018, 33(1):118-125. [Wu Jun, Tang Daijian. A new tourism experience research perspective: Embodied theory[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2018, 33(1):118-125.]
吴俊, 唐代剑.具身认知理论在旅游研究中的应用:以跨学科为视角[J]. 商业经济与管理, 2017(6):71-77. [Wu Jun, Tang Daijian. The application of embodied cognition theory in tourism research: An interdisciplinary perspective[J]. Journal of Business Economics, 2017(6):71-77.]
[17]
操小晋, 刘春卉, 余思奇.老旧社区的具身实践与地方认同——基于超越表征的整合视角[J]. 人文地理, 2023, 38(2):69-78. [Cao Xiaojin, Liu Chunhui, Yu Siqi. The embodied practice and place identity in old communities: An integrated perspective based on representation and non-representation[J]. Human Geography, 2023, 38(2):69-78.]
[18]
O'regan M. A backpacker habitus: The body and dress, embodiment and the self[J]. Annals of Leisure Research, 2016, 19(3):329-346.
[19]
Jessica R. Remembrance and remediation: Mediating disability and literary tourism in the romantic archive[J]. Studies in Romanticism, 2020, 59(1):85-108.
[20]
刘斌, 杨钊, 刘永婷, 等.身体情感与空间:老年人休闲旅居的具身体验[J]. 人文地理, 2023, 38(1):169-180. [Liu Bin, Yang Zhao, Liu Yongting, et al. Body, emotion and space: The embodied experience of leisure sojourn for the elderly[J]. Human Geography, 2023, 38(1):169-180.]
[21]
陈霄, 陈婉欣.具身视角下“古镇+酒吧”的游客体验研究[J]. 旅游学刊, 2020, 35(9):113-122. [Chen Xiao, Chen Wanxin. Why does a bar street become popular in ancient towns in China? From the perspective of tourists' embodied experience[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2020, 35(9):113-122.]
[22]
Small J, Darcy S, Packer T. The embodied tourist experiences of people with vision impairment: Management implications beyond the visual gaze[J]. Tourism Management, 2012, 33(4):941-950.
[23]
Wu H C, Cheng C C, Ai C H. A study of experiential quality, experiential value, trust, corporate reputation, experiential satisfaction and behavioral intentions for cruise tourists: The case of Hong Kong[J]. Tourism Management, 2018, 66(6):200-220.
[24]
Yang Y, Mao Z, Zhang X. Better sleep, better trip: The effect of sleep quality on tourists' experiences[J/OL]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2021, 87:103153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103153.
[25]
Cole S T, Illum S F. Examining the mediating role of festival visitors' satisfaction in the relationship between service quality and behavioral intentions[J]. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 2006, 12(2): 160-173.
[26]
Cole S T, Scott D. Examining the mediating role of experience quality in a model of tourist experiences[J]. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 2004, 16(1):9-90.
[27]
Chen C F, Chen F S. Experience quality, perceived value, satisfaction and behavioral intentions for heritage tourists[J] Tourism Management, 2010, 31(1):29-35.
[28]
徐虹, 李秋云.主题公园顾客体验质量的评价维度及前因后果研究——基于迪士尼和欢乐谷携程网上评论的分析[J]. 旅游科学, 2017, 31(1):57-68. [Xu Hong, Li Qiuyun. Analysis of the evaluative dimensions and causal relationship on theme park visitors' experience quality: Based on a C-trip comments review of Disney and Happy Valley[J]. Tourism Science, 2017, 31(1):57-68.]
[29]
马天. 旅游体验质量与满意度:内涵、关系与测量[J]. 旅游学刊, 2019, 34(11):29-40. [Ma Tian. Tourist experience quality and satisfaction: Connotation, relationship and measurement[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2019, 34(11):29-40.]
[30]
Pan L, Lu L. Zhang T. Destination gender: Scale development and cross-cultural validation[J/OL]. Tourism Management, 2021, 83:104225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104225.
[31]
朱宇轩, 谢彦君, 王一雯.旅游世界的美食意象及旅游者的美食具身体验——基于表征和非表征的双重视角[J]. 旅游学刊, 2023, 38(4): 115-132. [Zhu Yuxuan, Xie Yanjun, Wang Yiwen. The food image of the tourism world and the embodied experience of tourists: Based dual perspectives of representational and nonrepresentational theory[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2023, 38(4):115-132.]
[32]
Lashkova M, Carmen A, Camarero C. Dual effect of sensory experience: Engagement vs. diversive exploration[J]. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 2019, 48(2):128-151.
[33]
Chronis A. Moving bodies and the staging of the tourist experience [J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2015, 55:124-140.
[34]
潘莉, 张毓峰, 马美爱.旅游目的地性别气质的典型意象与特征研究[J]. 四川师范大学学报(社会科学版), 2022, 49(2):106-115. [Pan Li, Zhang Yufeng, Ma Meiai. Typical images and characteristics of gender temperament in tourist destinations[J]. Journal of Sichuan Normal University (Social Sciences Edition), 2022, 49(2):106-115.]
[35]
谢彦君, 樊友猛.身体视角下的旅游体验——基于徒步游记与访谈的扎根理论分析[J]. 人文地理, 2017, 32(4):129-137. [Xie Yanjun, Fan Youmeng. Tourist experience on a body perspective: Grounded theory analysis on trekking writings and interviews[J]. Human Geography, 2017, 32(4):129-137.]
[36]
钟洁. 基于游憩体验质量的民族村寨旅游产品优化研究——以云南西双版纳傣族园、四川甲居藏寨为例[J]. 旅游学刊, 2012, 27(8):95-103. [Zhong Jie. Study on the optimization of tourism products in ethnic villages based on recreational experience quality: The case of Dai park, Xishuangbanna and Jiaju Tibetan village, Sichuan province[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2012, 27(8):95-103.]
[37]
Hosany S, Prayag G. Patterns of tourists' emotional responses, satisfaction, and intention to recommend[J]. Journal of Business Research, 2013, 66(6):730-737.
[38]
谢彦君. 旅游体验的两极情感模型:快乐—痛苦[J]. 财经问题研究, 2006(5): 88-92. [Xie Yanjun. Pleasure-pain: A spectrum model of emotion for tourist experience[J]. Research on Financial and Economic Issues, 2006(5):88-92.]
[39]
宋振春, 王颖, 葛新雨, 等.身体痛苦如何成为情感享受——身心交互视角下的旅游体验研究[J]. 旅游学刊, 2020, 35(10):109-121. [Song Zhenchun, Wang Ying, Ge Xinyu, et al. How physical discomfort can become a source for emotional satisfaction: A study on tourist experience from the perspective of body-mind interactionism [J]. Tourism Tribune, 2020, 35(10):109-121.]
[40]
Pan L, Zhang M, Gursoy D, et al. Development and validation of a destination personality scale for mainland Chinese travelers[J]. Tourism Management, 2017, 59:338-348.
[41]
Hair J F, Black W C, Babin B J. Multivariate Data Analysis[M]. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006:24-39.
[42]
Fornell C, Larcker D F. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement errors[J]. Journal of Marketing Research, 1981, 18(1):39-50.
[43]
汤丹丹, 温忠麟. 共同方法偏差检验:问题与建议[J]. 心理科学, 2020, 43(1):215-223. [Tang Dandan, Wen Zhonglin. Statistical approaches for testing common method bias: Problems and suggestions[J]. Journal of Psychological Science, 2020, 43(1):215-223.]
[44]
Shermer D Z, Levitan C A. Red hot: The cross modal effect of color intensity on perceived piquancy[J]. Multisensory Research, 2014, 27(3/4):207-223.