Abstract：The body in different spaces is a hot topic in human geography, and tourism as a leisure activity provides specific contexts for the body and its practices. Along with the iteration of Internet technology, tourists can be "in" the geographical physical space and digital virtual space. Focusing on female travelers who share travel photos in different social media, this study analyzes how they use their bodies for self-construction in travel contexts, involving both offsite spaces-photos of the included body taken by travelers in other places of travel-and heterogeneous spaces-the included body photos shared by the tourist in the virtual space of social media. Considering that the case population needs to have the habit and skill of sharing travel photos on social media, this paper takes post-90s women as the research object and focuses on the following research questions:What kind of self-construction do post-90s women perform through their bodies in the travel heterogeneous space? What role do their bodies play in the travel context? How do their travel photos construct their bodies in the virtual heterogeneous space of social media? Using in-depth interview method and grounded theory analysis of the interview texts, 16 categories, 7 main categories and 1 core category are extracted through open coding, main axis coding and selective coding. The study found that:1) Women "awaken" their bodies in order to break free from the constraints and break away from the everyday; 2) although the post-90s women are gradually evoking their bodies' self-awareness and breaking the "commodification" and "mythologization" of women's bodies under the influence of consumerism, their bodies are still oppressed by daily aesthetic standards and the surveillance of the other to a certain extent.
郝小斐, 陈瀚晖. 从异地空间到异质空间——90后中国女性旅游者身体的自我建构[J]. 人文地理, 2021, 36(4): 61-71,79.
HAO Xiao-fei, CHEN Han-hui. FROM OFFSITE SPACE TO HETEROGENEOUS SPACE: THE SELF-CONSTRUCTION OF THE POST-90S FEMALE TRAVELLER' S BODY. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, 2021, 36(4): 61-71,79.
何嘉明,周素红,谢雪梅.女性主义地理学视角下的广州女性居民日常出行目的及影响因素[J].地理研究,2017,36(6):1053-1064.[He Jiaming, Zhou Suhong, Xie Xuemei. Female residents' daily travel purpose and its influencing factors from the perspective of feminism:A case study in Guangzhou, China[J]. Geographical Research, 2017,36(6):1053-1064.]
[2]
姚华松,黄耿志,薛德升.国内外女性主义地理学研究述评[J].人文地理,2017,32(2):9-15.[Yao Huasong, Huang Gengzhi, Xue Desheng. Reviews on feminist geographical studies[J]. Human Geography, 2017,32(2):9-15.]
[3]
万蕙,唐雪琼.新文化地理学视角下的女性主义地理学研究[J].人文地理, 2013,28(1):26-31.[Wan Hui, Tang Xueqiong. Reviews on feminist geography in the perspective of new cultural geography[J]. Human Geography, 2013,28(1):26-31.]
[4]
陶伟,王绍续,朱竑.身体、身体观以及人文地理学对身体的研究[J]. 地理研究,2015,34(6):1173-1187.[Tao Wei, Wang Shaoxu, Zhu Hong. The body, the view of body, and the study of body in human geography[J]. Geographical Research, 2015,34(6):1173-1187.]
[5]
Veijola S, Jokinen E. The body in tourism[J]. Theory Culture & Society, 1994,11(3):125-151.
[6]
Waitt G, Duffy M. Listening and tourism studies[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2012,37(2):457-477.
[7]
Obrador-Pons P. Building castles in the sand:Repositioning touch on the beach[J]. The Senses and Society, 2009,4(2):195-210.
[8]
Dann G, Jacobsen J K S. Tourism smellscapes[J]. Tourism Geographies, 2003,5(1):3-25.
[9]
BERGER J. Ways of Seeing[M]. London:Penguin, 1972:45-67.
[10]
Mulvey L. Visual pleasure and narrative cinema[M]//Braudy L, Cohen M. Film Theory and Criticism:Introductory Readings. New York:Oxford UP, 1999:833-844.
[11]
张文馨,叶文振.旅游地女性表演者身体的社会型塑——基于广西L演出剧场的考察[J].妇女研究论丛,2014(3):22-29.[Zhang Wenxin, Ye Wenzhen. The process of shaping female performers' body in tourist sites:Based on the observation of performance at L theatre in Guangxi[J]. Journal of Chinese Women's Studies, 2014(3):22-29.]
[12]
王晓琳.中国女性身体建构的实证研究——以女大学生减肥为例[D].杭州:浙江大学,2014:1-10.[Wang Xiaolin. Empirical Study on the Feminine Body Construction:Losing Weight of the Female Students for an Example[D]. Hangzhou:Zhejiang University, 2014:1-10.]
[13]
马歇尔·麦克卢汉.理解媒介——论人的延伸[M].何道宽,译.北京:商务印书馆,2000:37-52.[Marshall McLuhan. Understanding Media:The Extensions of Man[M]. He Daokuan, Trans. Beijing:The Commercial Press, 2000:37-52.]
[14]
廖建国.互联网对自我的再建构研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社, 2015:16-28.[Liao Jianguo. A Study of the Internet's Re-construction of the Self[M]. Beijing:China Social Science Press, 2015:16-28.]
[15]
Tokunaga R S. Social networking site or social surveillance site? Understanding the use of interpersonal electronic surveillance in romantic relationships[J]. Computers in Human Behavior, 2011,27(2):705-713.
[16]
Perloff R M. Social media effects on young women's body image concerns:Theoretical perspectives and an agenda for research[J]. Sex Roles, 2014,71(11/12):363-377.
[17]
Prichard I, Mclachlan A C, Lavis T, et al. The impact of different Forms of #fitspiration Imagery on body image, mood, and self-objectification among young women[J]. Sex Roles, 2018,78(3):789-798.
[18]
Fardouly J, Pinkus R T, Vartanian L R. The impact of appearance comparisons made through social media, traditional media, and in person in women's everyday lives[J]. Body Image, 2017,20:31-39.
[19]
Lo I S, Mckercher B, Lo A, et al. Tourism and online photography[J]. Tourism Management, 2011,32(4):725-731.
[20]
Turner B S. The Body and Society:Explorations in Social Theory[M]. London:Sage Publications, 2008.
[21]
O'Neill J. Five Bodies:The Human Shape of Modern Society[M]. Ithaca:Cornell University Press, 1985.
[22]
Csordas T J. Embodiment and Experience[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1994:1-3.
[23]
Cregan K. The Sociology of the Body[M]. London:Sage, 2006:19-42.
[24]
Wolf N. The Beauty Myth:How Images of Beauty are Used Against Women[M]. New York:Morrow, 1991:9-19.
[25]
Bordo S, Heywood L. Unbearable Weight:Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body[M]. Oakland CA:University of California Press, 2003.
[26]
苏珊?布朗米勒.女性特质[M].南京:江苏人民出版社,2006:1-8(序),1-36.[Susan Brownmiller. Femininity[M]. Nanjing:Jiangsu People Press, 2006:1-8,1-36.]
[27]
Grabe S, Ward L M, Hyde J S. The role of the media in body image concerns among women:A meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies[J]. Psychological Bulletin, 2008,134(3):460-476.
[28]
王玉慧,吕振勇,陈红,等.男性身体意象失调:大众媒体的影响及作用机制[J].心理科学进展,2016,24(2):282-292.[Wang Yuhui, Lv Zhenyong, Chen Hong, et al. Body image disturbance among males:The influence and the hypothesized mechanism of mass media[J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2016,24(2):282-292.]
[29]
Grammas D L, Schwartz J P. Internalization of messages from society and perfectionism as predictors of male body image[J]. Body Image, 2009,6(1):31-36.
[30]
Jones D C. Social comparison and body image:Attractiveness comparisons to models and peers among adolescent girls and boys[J]. Sex Roles, 2001,45(9/10):645-664.
[31]
Brown Z, Tiggemann M. Attractive celebrity and peer images on Instagram:Effect on women's mood and body image[J]. Body Image, 2016,19:37-43.
[32]
张方旭.我的身体, 他的目光:整容过程中的身体建构[D].上海:华东师范大学,2012.[Zhang Fangxu. My Body, Their Sight:Body Constructions in Commercial Plastic Surgery Process[D]. Shanghai:East China Normal University, 2012.]
[33]
Noll S M, Fredrickson B L. A mediational model linking self-objectification, body shame, and disordered eating[J]. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 2010, 22(4):623-636.
[34]
Frederick D A, Fessler D M T, Haselton M G. Do representations of male muscularity differ in men's and women's magazines?[J]. Body Image, 2005,2(1):81-6.
[35]
Mulgrew K E, Volcevski-Kostas D. Short term exposure to attractive and muscular singers in music video clips negatively affects men's body image and mood[J]. Body Image, 2012,9(4):543-546.
[36]
Ahadzadeh A S, Sharif S P, Ong F S. Self-schema and self-discrepancy mediate the influence of Instagram usage on body image satisfaction among youth[J]. Computers in Human Behavior, 2017,68:8-16.
[37]
Matteucci X. Forms of body usage in tourists' experiences of flamenco[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2014,41(7):29-43.
[38]
谢彦君,樊友猛.身体视角下的旅游体验——基于徒步游记与访谈的扎根理论分析[J].人文地理,2017,32(4):129-137.[Xie Yanjun, Fan Youmeng. Tourist experience on a body perspective:Grounded theory analysis on trekking writings and interviews[J]. Human Geography, 2017,32(4):129-137.]
[39]
Saldanha A. Music tourism and factions of bodies in Goa[J]. Tourist Studies, 2002,2(2):43-62.
[40]
Pau Obrador-Pons. A haptic geography of the beach:Naked bodies, vision and touch[J]. Social & Cultural Geography, 2007,8(1):123-141.
[41]
Rossetto T. Embodying the map:Tourism practices in Berlin[J]. Tourist Studies, 2012,12(1):28-51.
[42]
Pruitt D, Lafont S. For love and money:Romance tourism in Jamaica[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 1995,22(2):422-440.
[43]
Pettman J J. Body politics:international sex tourism[J]. Third World Quarterly, 1997,18(1):93-108.
[44]
Frohlick S, Johnston L. Naturalizing bodies and places:Tourism media campaigns and heterosexualities in Costa Rica and New Zealand[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2011,38(3):1090-1109.
[45]
Small J. Holiday bodies:Young women and their appearance[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2016,58:18-32.
[46]
Pan S, Lee J, Tsai H. Travel photos:Motivations, image dimensions, and affective qualities of places[J]. Tourism Management, 2014,40(1):59-69.
[47]
黄佩,仝海威,李慧慧.国外网络自我展示策略研究述评[J].中国青年研究,2011(3):113-116.[Huang Pei, Tong Haiwei, Li Huihui. A review of foreign research on online self-presentation strategies[J]. China Youth Studies, 2011(3):113-116.]
[48]
Warfield K. Making Selfies/Making Self:Digital Subjectivites in the Selfie[C]. Berlin:International Conference on the Image and the Image Knowledge Community, 2014.
[49]
潘绥铭, 黄盈盈."主体建构":性社会学研究视角的革命及本土发展空间[J].社会学研究,2007(3):174-193.[Pan Suiming, Huang Yingying. "Subject construction":The revolution in the perspective of sociology of sexuality research and the space for local development[J]. Sociological Studies, 2007(3):174-193.]
[50]
Butler J P. Bodies that Matter:On the Discursive Limits of "Sex"[M]. London:Routledge, 2011:1-50.
[51]
Gilbert S C, Keery H, Thompson J K. The Media's Role in Body Image and Eating Disorders[M]. Washington:American Psychological Association, 2005:41-56.
[52]
Gemma López-Guimerà, Michael P Levine, David Sánchez-carracedo, et al. Influence of mass media on body image and eating disordered attitudes and behaviors in females:A review of effects and processes[J]. Media Psychology, 2010,13(4):387-416.
[53]
Paolucci P, Richardson M. Sociology of humor and a critical dramaturgy[J]. Symbolic Interaction, 2006,29(3):331-348.
[54]
Benford R D, Hunt S A. Dramaturgy and social movements:The social construction and communication of power[J]. Sociological Inquiry, 1992,62(1):36-55.
[55]
Muller J. Lacan's mirror stage[J]. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 1985,5(2):233-252.
[56]
Kihlstrom J F, Beer J S, Klein S B. Self and identity as memory[M]//Leary M, Tagney J. Handbook of Self & Identity. New York:The Guilford Press, 2013:68-90.
[57]
薛灿灿,叶浩生.具身社会认知:认知心理学的生态学转向[J].心理科学,2011,34(5):1230-1235.[Xue Cancan, Ye Haosheng. Embodied social cognition:The ecological turn in cognitive psychology[J]. Journal of Psychological Science, 2011,34(5):1230-1235.]
[58]
郑皓元,叶浩生,苏得权.有关具身认知的三种理论模型[J].心理学探新,2017,37(3):195-199.[Zheng Haoyuan, Ye Haosheng, Su Dequan. Three theoretical models of embodied cognition[J]. Psychological Exploration, 2017,37(3):195-199.]
[59]
Damasio A. The Feeling of What Happens:Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness[M]. New York:Harcourt Brace & Company, 1999:3-30,133-167.
[60]
Kralik D, Koch T, Eastwood S. The salience of the body:Transition in sexual self-identity for women living with multiple sclerosis[J]. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 2003,42(1):11-20.
[61]
谭千保,汪群,丁道群.具身框架下的自我研究[J].心理学探新, 2014,34(2):106-110.[Tan Qianbao, Wang Qun, Ding Daoqun. Selfstudy in an embodied framework[J]. Psychological Exploration, 2014, 34(2):106-110.]
[62]
曾向,黄希庭.国外关于身体自我的研究[J].心理科学进展, 2001, 9(1):41-46.[Zeng Xiang, Huang Xiting. Foreign research on the physical self[J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2001,9(1):41-46.]
[63]
Huang L, Galinsky A D, Gruenfeld D H, et al. Powerful postures versus powerful roles:Which is the proximate correlate of thought and behavior?[J]. Psychological Science, 2011,22(1):95-102.
[64]
Schubert T W, Koole S L. The embodied self:Making a fist enhances men's power-related self-conceptions[J]. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2009,45(4):828-834.
[65]
Cohen D, Leung A K Y. The hard embodiment of culture[J]. European Journal of Social Psychology, 2009,39(7):1278-1289.
[66]
马忠君.网络环境中虚拟自我的呈现与建构[M].北京:中国电影出版社, 2013:35,83,122.[Ma Zhongjun. Self Presentation Self Construction Virtual Self Impression Management Virtual Intimacy[M]. Beijing:China Film Press, 2013:35,83,122.]
[67]
李颖.美图的视觉魅惑:神话化身体的表征、展演与超载[J].中国青年研究,2017(3):25-30.[Li Ying. The visual charm of the beauty map:Representation, exhibition and overload of the mythologized body[J]. China Youth Studies, 2017(3):25-30.]
[68]
Diefenbach S, Christoforakos L. The selfie paradox:Nobody seems to like them yet everyone has reasons to take them. An exploration of psychological functions of selfies in self-presentation[J/OL]. Frontiers in Psychology, 2017(8):7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5239793/pdf/fpsyg-08-00007.pdf. Doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.0000.
[69]
Halpern D, Valenzuela S, James E K. "Selfie-ists" or "Narci-selfiers"? A cross-lagged panel analysis of selfie taking and narcissism[J]. Personality & Individual Differences, 2016, 97:98-101.
[70]
Frith K, Ping S, Cheng H. The construction of beauty:A cross-cultural analysis of women's magazine advertising[J]. Journal of Communication, 2010,55(1):56-70.
[71]
John S G. Alternative cultural heterotopia and the liminoid body:Beyond turner at ConFest[J]. Australian Journal of Anthropology, 2001,12(1):47-66.
[72]
Desforges L. Traveling the world:Identity and travel biography[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2000,27(4):926-945.
[73]
Saxena G. Scarborough based study on bodies' affective capacities[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2018,68:100-110.
[74]
McNamara K E, Prideaux B. A typology of solo independent women travellers[J]. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2010, 12(3):253-264.
[75]
Urry J, Larsen J. The Tourist Gaze 3.0[M]. Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage, 2011:22-30,46-47,63-71,81-82,175-176,196-220.
[76]
刘丹萍,保继刚.窥视欲、影像记忆与自我认同——西方学界关于旅游者摄影行为研究之透视[J].旅游学刊,2006,21(4):88-93.[Liu Danping, Bao Jigang. Voyeuristic desire, portrait memory and selfidentity:Remark on the research works by foreign scholars about tourists' photographic behaviors[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2006,21(4):88-93.]
[77]
戴光全,陈欣.旅游者摄影心理初探——基于旅游照片的内容分析[J].旅游学刊,2009,24(7):71-77.[Dai Guangquan, Chen Xin. An initial discussion about tourists' photographic psychology:Based on the content analysis of tourist photos[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2009, 24(7):71-77.]
[78]
Stylianou-Lambert T. Tourists with cameras:Reproducing or producing?[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2012,39(4):1817-1838.
[79]
刘汉波. 自拍, 一种互联网时期的青少年亚文化——从自我凝视、数字造颜到脸谱共同体[J].中国青年研究, 2017(11):12-17.[Liu Hanbo. Selfies, a youth subculture in the Internet era:From self gazing, digital face making to face community[J]. China Youth Studies, 2017(11):12-17.]
[80]
陈娟.社交媒体自我形象的建构与传播——以手机自拍的图像话语表达为例[J].当代传播,2016(4):92-94.[Chen Juan. The construction and communication of social media self-image:An example of image discourse expression in mobile phone selfies[J]. Contemporary Communication, 2016(4):92-94.]
[81]
Katz J E, Crocker E T. Selfies and photo messaging as visual conversation:Reports from the United States, United Kingdom, and China[J]. International Journal of Communication, 2015,9:1861-1872.
[82]
汪民安,陈永国.后身体:文化、权力和生命政治学[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,2011:185-320.[Wang Minan, Chen Yongguo. Postbodies:Culture, Power and Biopolitics[M]. Changchun:Jilin People Press, 2011:185-320.]
[83]
陈向明.扎根理论在中国教育研究中的运用探索[J].北京大学教育评论,2015,13(1):2-15.[Chen Xiangming. Critical application of grounded theory in Chinese education research[J]. Peking University Education review, 2015,13(1):2-15.]
[84]
Charmaz K. Constructing grounded theory:A practical guide through qualitative analysis[J]. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 2014,1(3):378-380.
[85]
欧文·戈夫曼.日常生活中的自我呈现[M].北京:北京大学出版社, 2008:1-12.[Goffman E. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life[M]. Beijing:Peking University Press, 2008:1-12.]
[86]
樊友猛,谢彦君.具身欲求与身体失范:旅游不文明现象的一种理论解释[J].旅游学刊,2016,31(8):4-6.[Fan Youmeng, Xie Yanjun. Body desire and body disorder:A theoretical explanation of the uncivilized phenomenon of tourism[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2016,31(8):4-6.]
[87]
王爱民.消费文化语境下的女性身体形体塑造审美化规训[J].体育与科学,2013,34(2):79-82.[Wang Aimin. Aesthetic regulations on women's body shaping in the context of consumption culture[J]. Journal of Sports and Science, 2013,34(2):79-82.]
[88]
Foucault M, Milligan T. Discipline & Punish:The Birth of the Prison[M]. Newtork:Vintage Books, 1995:23-29.
