自1923年土耳其共和国成立以来，伊斯坦布尔经历了由帝国中心向现代都市的转型。在快速城市化与经济全球化双重驱动下，伊斯坦布尔在多个维度出现城市病，集中表现为交通拥堵常态化、非正规住房无序扩张、生态环境污染加剧以及社会阶层显著分化。伊斯坦布尔城市病的成因具有特殊性：一是受制于跨洲双城的空间布局约束，二是移居人口带来的资源承载压力，三是经济功能过度集聚导致的发展失衡，四是海峡沿岸地理环境的天然脆弱性，五是多族群文化差异衍生的社会矛盾。多重因素交织作用导致城市系统性压力加剧，削弱了伊斯坦布尔的宜居性与可持续发展潜能。伊斯坦布尔在应对“城市病”的过程中，构建涵盖交通、环境、住房与社会保障等多个领域的综合治理体系，通过跨海交通网络建设、工业外迁与港口排放管控、棚户区合法化与公共服务延伸等措施，在一定程度上缓解城市压力，但未能完全根除城市深层的结构性矛盾。伊斯坦布尔仍需以可持续发展为导向，探索长效的治理路径，从根源上纾解城市发展的病症。

Since the founding of the Republic of Türkiye in 1923, Istanbul has undergone a profound transformation from an imperial center into a modern metropolis. Under the dual forces of rapid urbanization and economic globalization, Istanbul has experienced a range of urban challenges commonly conceptualized as "urban maladies." These challenges are manifested in chronic traffic congestion, the unregulated expansion of informal housing, escalating environmental degradation, and increasingly pronounced social stratification. The causes of these problems are structurally distinctive, including spatial constraints stemming from Istanbul's transcontinental, dual-continent layout, intensified pressure on urban resources driven by large-scale inmigration, development imbalances caused by the excessive concentration of economic functions, the inherent ecological vulnerability of the Bosphorus and its coastal zones, and social tensions associated with multiethnic and multicultural diversity. The interaction of these factors has generated compounded systemic pressures, undermining the city's livability and sustainable development potential. In response, Istanbul has established a multi-dimensional governance framework covering transportation, environmental regulation, housing policy, and social welfare. Initiatives such as the construction of cross-strait transportation networks, industrial relocation and port emission controls, and the legalization of informal settlements combined with the expansion of public services have contributed to mitigating urban pressures to a certain extent.