采用社会网络分析和指数随机图模型对2016—2021年“一带一路”沿线国家跨国知识合作网络结构及影响机制进行研究。结果发现：①沿线国家知识合作网络强度和规模不断提升，呈现“核心—半边缘—边缘”结构，并分化为中亚—东欧社团和东南亚—西亚社团。②制度环境上，政府效能、法治水平和发言权与问责权好的国家知识合作更活跃，政治稳定性具有抑制作用，经济自由度和财产保护具有正向作用。文化环境上，放纵度、男性度和不确定性规避程度高的国家更倾向合作，高权力距离会抑制合作。③制度邻近性方面，制度结构相似的国家更可能开展合作。④文化邻近性方面，共同语言，尤其是官方语言更能促进合作。宗教强关系和弱关系均发挥积极作用，但后者的影响更显著。

Scientific and technological innovation plays a leading and supportive role in the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI). However, institutional and cultural differences among participating countries may exert potential impacts on their knowledge collaboration. This study employs social network analysis and exponential random graph model to investigate the structural dynamics of transnational knowledge collaboration networks across 65 BRI countries from 2016 to 2021, with particular focus on the mechanisms through which institutional and cultural factors operate. The results indicate: 1) The intensity and scale of knowledge cooperation among BRI countries have continuously increased, forming a "core-semi-periphery-periphery" structure and differentiating into two stable communities: a Central Asia-Eastern Europe cluster and a Southeast Asia-West Asia cluster. 2) The network demonstrates clustering tendencies and self-organizing characteristics, significantly influenced by institutional and cultural environments. 3) In terms of institutional proximity, countries sharing similar economic, political, and legal systems are more likely to collaborate. Regarding cultural proximity, a shared language fosters cooperation, with the influence of an official language exceeding that of a spoken language.