研究基于2012—2020年中国家庭追踪调查数据，从“支出—负担—贫困”三维视角，运用基尼系数、空间分析与双向固定效应模型，揭示中国城乡家庭交通消费不公平特征与影响因素。结果表明：①全国家庭交通支出、负担率和贫困率明显上升，交通支出公平性改善，但交通负担不公平加剧，乡村交通负担率与贫困率显著高于城镇。②低收入家庭面临“支出低、负担重”困境，交通贫困率呈现由高收入向低收入群体转移趋势。③交通支出、负担与贫困呈“西高东低”格局，西南地区乡村交通贫困率超20%。④支付能力、家庭结构和铁路密度是关键影响因素，低收入、年轻家庭及低铁路密度区域交通负担更高，铁路建设对西部地区减负效应显著，居民增收与铁路建设是人本转向下交通公平改善的有效路径。

Based on the China Family Panel Studies (2012—2020), this study analyzes spatiotemporal patterns and determinants of household transport consumption inequality using an integrated "expenditure-burden-poverty" framework. Key findings indicate: 1) Between 2012 and 2020, urban and rural households exhibited marked increases in transport expenditure, burden rates, and poverty rates. While transport expenditure equity improved, transport burden inequity intensified, with rural households showing significantly higher burden and poverty rates. 2) Low-income families exhibited a"low expenditure–high burden"paradox, as transport poverty shifted toward disadvantaged groups. 3) Spatially, transport expenditure, burden, and poverty rates followed a distinct "western high-eastern low" pattern. Western regions consistently showed higher values, with rural transport poverty exceeding 20% in the southwest. 4) Household income, age structure and railway density were critical determinants. Low-income and younger families, as well as those in rail-scarce areas, faced heavier burdens. Railway infrastructure demonstrated significant burden-reduction effects in western regions.