制度决定了交易成本,对于经济增长至关重要。产权确定了人与人之间使用稀缺资源的相互关系。有效率的产权应该具有排他性,根据排他性的程度产权可以分为私有产权与公有产权。制度和产权的变迁具有路径依赖特性。政府在制度和产权安排方面具有几乎垄断性的优势。上海与深圳的高科技产业发展比较,支持和验证了以上理论假设和判断。上海的高科技产业具有更大的规模和更广的行业门类,而深圳的高科技产业则具有更强的技术创新能力和更好的经济绩效。前者归咎于上海长期以来雄厚的产业基础,而后者则显示出制度对于区域产业发展模式乃至绩效的影响。不同的制度文化背景决定了高科技产业发展的不同制度安排。制度安排上的差异进而导致两地高科技产业发展绩效不同。

Institutions determine transaction costs and are therefore essential to the economic development. Property rights are basic and the most important institutions defining the relationship among people in owning and using scarce resources. Governments play a nearly monopoly role in the supply of institutions and property rights,and among governments of different regions there exists institutional competition. One of the important characteristics of the institutional change is path dependence. The theoretic assumptions and judgments above are supported by the following comparative study on high-tech industries in Shanghai and Shenzhen. The findings show:1) different institutional and cultural backgrounds in Shanghai and Shenzhen lead to divergent institutional arrangements in the process of development of high-tech industries. The market orientation and private enterprises characterize the high-tech industries in Shenzhen, while in Shanghai the government and state-owned enterprises play an active role; 2) the institutional arrangements in both regions are the results of governmental choice; the advantage of governments in the supply of institutions is revealed here. 3) divergent institutional arrangements result in the discrepancy of economic performance of high-tech industries between Shanghai and Shenzhen; 4) Shanghai begins to emphasize the role of private enterprises in the development, and the institutions which hinder the development of private property rights are abolished gradually. The policy implications are put forward at last. Regional governments should lay more value on the institutional arrangements and property rights in the regional economic development. Since market orientation has higher economic efficiency, it is therefore the advocated institutional choice.