随着福特制生产方式逐渐式微、"新区域主义"的兴起,联合国工业发展组织(UNIDO)所倡导的区域发展模式从20世纪60、70年代的增长极战略转向90年代以来的产业集群策略。纵观增长极理论的实践绩效,几乎乏善可陈,可是其在区域发展领域的思想影响却挥之不去,在区域和城市规划中仍被普遍搬用。本文从"新区域主义"的典型代表思想——产业集群理论视角,对存在和影响了近半个世纪的增长极理论进行反思。从集群策略实施的必要条件、普遍适用性、区域效应等方面对集群理论进行了思考,并指出实施集群策略应该汲取的教训。

With the decline of the Fordism and the renaissance of new regionalism,regional development pattern suggested by UNIDO has experienced changes from the growth pole model in 1960's and 1970's to the industrial cluster model in 1990's.Although its practice performance is stale,the growth pole theory has far-reaching influence in the regional development and has been generally applied in both regional and urban planning till now.
Based on industrial cluster theory,the representative idea of the new regionalism,the paper rethinks of the growth pole theory that has been existed for nearly half a century.Firstly,the paper points out that the growth pole theory has always attached so much importance to the outside force and ignored endogenesis force from region itself.Secondly,the growth pole theory regards the propulsive unit as emphases supported by government.The support ways include subsidy,protecting domestic market,holding back interior competition and foreign investment,etc,which results in the decline of enterprise competitiveness.Thirdly,the growth pole theory emphasizes the physical contact among enterprises and ignores exchange cost which has the same importance as the physical cost and ignores the dominant function that non-economic elements such as culture,criterion and institution have done during the process of industrial cluster formation.Fourthly,instead of lessening the development and welfare differences between cities and countries,the growth pole theory makes such segregate more severe.Fifthly,the growth pole theory deems that the relations of main bodies existed in industrial cluster are vertical linkage.The relation between government and enterprise is rather a hierarchy than a service relation.Enterprises have little non-commercial inter-dependence except for necessary physical input and output relation.
Finally,the paper explores the industrial cluster theory on the necessary conditions,general applicability and regional effects of its implementation and puts forward lessons from its implementation.