从旅游凝视理论的已有研究不足出发，利用内容分析法梳理出背包旅游者对亚丁的多感官凝视内容；通过田野调查并依据表演理论，研究亚丁村社区面对凝视所采取的调适机制及空间响应。最后从背包旅游者凝视和社区调适两方面提出欠发达地区旅游目的地的舞台管理者可能采取的管理路径。针对背包客的多重感官凝视和当地社区的反凝视调适，管理者一方面可以通过加强背包客自我凝视、改变凝视内容、促进其对村民正向示范效应而进行；另一方面要通过合理的制度安排进行社区反凝视能力建设，帮助原著居民站上舞台，展演其原生文化。本文对多向度凝视及旅游凝视与展演、迷思等的关系研究提出了新的理论启迪。
Abstract
Tourist gaze is embodied, multimodal, and involves other sensescapes except visual sense, but so far little has been dug into on the other senses as well as on non-Western tourists gaze. Starting off from these deficiencies in current literature, the authors first explore the tourist multisensory gaze on Yading, a top Chinese backpacker tourist's destination based on content analysis method; and then elaborate how the local community has reacted spatially and socially under the gaze based on field study; finally propose two managerial approaches from both tourist gaze perspective and community response perspective. It shows that Chinese backpacker's gaze upon Yading has been composed of visual, kinaesthetic, gustatory, audio, tactual, olfactory and complex sensory perceptions. Under such a mundane gaze, Yading has turned from a village at the foot of sacred mountains to another traveler's enclave, where the village's space accommodates neither the traditional ways of villager's production and lives, nor the modernized ways of the traveler's living styles. The village has been physically and socially alienated because the"brokers"(the outsider businessmen） take over their original space of living houses and the stage managers (the governmental tourism developers and managers） take over their power to make decisions on the village space. The indigenous Tibetan villagers thus are hidden from the front stage behind the brokers whom then become their cultural interpreters, and at the same time have to follow the top-down institutional arrangement assigned by the stage managers. It has been pointed out that the stage manager should not just cater for the backpacker's gaze needs but also lead backpackers to a more reflexive intra-gaze to be responsible travelers.
关键词
旅游凝视 /
国内背包旅游者 /
内容分析法 /
社区响应 /
表演理论
Key words
tourist gaze /
Chinese backpacker tourist /
content analysis method /
community response /
perfor mance theory
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.content}}
参考文献
[1] 李拉扬.旅游凝视:反思与重构[J].旅游学刊,2015,30(2):118-126.[Li Layang. Tourist gaze: Rethinking and reconstructing[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2015,30(2):118-126.]
[2] Andrews H. Feeling at home: Embodying Britishness in a Spanish charter tourist resort[J]. Tourist Studies, 2005,5(3):247-266.
[3] Lagerkvist A. Gazing at Pudong-“With a Drink in Your Hand”time travel, mediation, and multisensuous immersion in the future city of Shanghai[J]. The Senses and Society, 2007,2(2):155-172.
[4] Everett S. Beyond the visual gaze? The pursuit of an embodied experience through food tourism[J]. Tourist Studies, 2008,8(3):337-358.
[5] Obrador-Pons P. Building castles in the sand: Repositioning touch on the beach[J]. The Senses and Society, 2009,4(2):195-210.
[6] Larson J. The Tourist Gaze 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0[M] //Lew A, Hall M, Williams A. The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Tourism. Oxford: Routledge, 2014:304-313.
[7] Waitt G, Duffy M. Listening and tourism studies[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2012,37(2):457-477.
[8] Diekmann A, Hannam K. Touristic mobilities in India's slum space[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2012,39(3):1315-1336.
[9] 徐菡,光映炯.照片中的“风景”:大众旅游中摄影行为与影像的后 现代解构——以西双版纳傣族园旅游景区为例[J].西南边疆民族 研究,2012(1):40-49. [Xu Han, Guang Yingjiong. 'Scenery' in the Pictures: Post-modern analysis on photographing behavior and images in mass tourism-A case study on Xishuangbanna Ethnic Dai Park[J]. Studies of Ethnic Groups in China's Southwestern Borderlands, 2012(1):40-49.]
[10] 李思颖.乡村旅游中的“凝视”:云南省泸西县城子村个案考察[D]. 昆明: 云南大学,2015. [Li Siying. 'Gaze' in Country Tourism: A Case of Chengzi Village in Luxi County[D]. Kunming: Yunnan University, 2015.]
[11] 路幸福,陆林.基于旅游者凝视的后发型旅游地文化认同与文化再现[J].人文地理,2014,29(6):117-124. [Lu Xingfu,Lu Lin. Cultural identity and representation of late development tourism destination based on the perspective of tourist gaze[J]. Human Geography, 2014,29(6):117-124.]
[12] 汪天颖,陆林,路幸福.徽州村落旅游中游客及东道主的凝视行为[J].旅游学刊,2015,30(4):23-32. [Wang Tianyin, Lu Lin, Lu Xingfu. The behavior of tourists and hosts by gazing the Huizhou villages[ J]. Tourism Tribune, 2015,30(4):23-32.]
[13] Urry J, Larsen J. The Tourist Gaze 3.0[M]. London: Sage Publications, 2011:1-296.
[14] 魏雷,钱俊希,朱竑.谁的真实性?——泸沽湖的旅游凝视与本土认 同[J]. 旅游学刊,2015,30(8):66-76. [Wei Lei, Qian Junxi, Zhu Hong. Whose authenticity? Tourist gaze and local identities in Lugu Lake[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2015,30(8):66-76.]
[15] 朱璇.背包旅游理论与实践[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2009:13-14, 44,57. [Zhu Xuan. Theoretical and Empirical Study on Backpacker Tourism[M]. Beijing: China Tourism Press, 2009:13-14,44,57.]
[16] 朱璇.新乡村经济精英在乡村旅游中的形成和作用机制研究—— 以虎跳峡徒步路线为例[J].旅游学刊,2012,27(6):73-78. [Zhu Xuan. A research on the forming and acting mechanism of new rural economic elites in rural tourism: Based on a case study of Tiger Leaping George hiking route in Yunnan, China[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2012,27(6):73-78.]
[17] Maoz D. The mutual gaze[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2006,33 (1):221-239.
[18] 朱煜杰.旅游中的多重凝视:从静止到游动[J].旅游学刊,2012,27 (11):20-21. [Zhu Yujie. Multiple gazes in tourism: From static to mobile[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2012,27(11):20-21.]
[19] 保继刚,孙九霞.社区参与旅游发展的中西差异[J].地理学报,2006, 61(4):401-413. [Bao Jigang, Sun Jiuxia. A contrastive study on the difference in community participation in tourism between China and theWest[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2006,61(4):401-413.]
[20] Cong L, Wu B, Morrison A, Shu H, Wang M. Analysis of wildlife tourism experiences with endangered species: An exploratory study of encounters with giant pandas in Chengdu, China[J]. Tourism Management, 2014,40(1):300-310.
[21] Wu M, Wall G, Pearce P. Shopping experiences: International tourists in Beijing's Silk Market[J]. Tourism Management, 2014,41(2): 96-106.
[22] Mura P. Perceptions of authenticity in a Malaysian homestay -A narrative analysis[J]. Tourism Management, 2015,51(6):225-233.
[23] Banyai M, Glover T. Evaluating research methods on travel blogs[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 2012,51(3):267-277.
[24] Mkono M, Markwell K. The application of netnography in tourism studies[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2014,48(5):289-291.
[25] Hannam K. Tourism geographies, tourist studies and the turn towards mobilities[J]. Geography Compass, 2008,2(1):127-139.
[26] Goffman E. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life[M]. New York: Doubleday, 1959:8-9,69-104.
[27] MacCannell D. Staged authenticity: Arrangements of social space in tourist settings[J]. American Journal of Sociology, 1973,79(3): 589-603.
[28] Edensor T. Mundane mobilities, performances and spaces of tourism[J]. Social & Cultural Geography, 2007,8(2):199-215.
[29] Lévi-Strauss C. Myth and Meaning[M]. New York: Schocken Books, 1978:5-24.
[30] Selwyn T. The Tourist Image: Myths and Myth Making in Tourism[M]. Chichester:Wiley, 1996:1-32.
[31] Rose J. Government advertising and the creation of national myths: The Canadian case[J]. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 2003,8(2):15-165.
[32] Gao B, Zhang H, Decosta P. Phantasmal destination: A post-modernist perspective[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2012,39(1):197-220.
[33] Zhang C, Decosta P, McKercher B. Politics and tourism promotion: Hong Kong,smyth making[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2015,54 (Sept.):156-171.
[34] 彭兆荣.景观与凝视[EB/OL]. (2015-12-15)[2015-12-15].http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s-biz=MzyO15ef433891ebc1c1ccd475e71a1&scene=1&srcid=12192khE1In3I8cF6ra2X0XE#wechatredrect.
PDF(2409 KB)
