Abstract：This article is concerned with the place of parent-children in tourism research, which is influenced deeply by the times of contemporay China. After 2010, the development of parent-children tourism in China undergoes rapid growth. The main tourist subjects are the first-generation only children and their ony children, who can be called the second-generation only children. But it seems that the parent-children tourism doesn't attract the scholars' attention. We need to understand how the children see the tourist world and the thinking of their adults at that moment while travelling. The group charateristics and the underlying sociology of parent-children tourism should be deeply studied. This paper defines the characteristics of parent-children tourism, including the parental motivation, the family commonality, the purposive arrangement and the tourism guidance. The motivations are reflected in the fact that parent-children tourism can help strengthen the children's education and promote family relationship. The study of parent-children tourism needs to be placed in the transformation of contemporary family society, that is, the change of family structure and the change of family relationship. Proposals are listed as follows. First, it is necessary to strengthen the study of parent-children tourism motivation, demand and the decision-making behavior. Does there esixts a common tourism experience between children and their parents?Whether or not should we place the children on a subjective position|during the travel-making process? Second, the parent-children relationship and the family relationship behind the phenomenon of parent-children tourism should be deeply studied. Third, the children's tourist world should be studied from their own eyes and it is harmful to treat children using the adults' eyes. Fourth, it is urgent to adopt the right and original research methods while studying parent-children tourism.
中国妇女杂志社. 婚姻关系中的亲密状况调查报告[EB/OL]. (2017-06-28)[2017-08-25].http://www.chinafc.org.cn/wwwroot/zgjtwhw/gzdt/tpxw/404482.shtml.[Women of China. Intimate status survey report in marriage relationship[EB/OL]. (2017-06-28)[2017-08-25]. http://www.chinafc.org.cn/wwwroot/zgjtwhw/gzdt/tpxw/404482.shtml.]
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风笑天.第一代独生子女婚后居住方式:一项12城市的调查分析[J]. 人口研究,2006,30(5):57-63.[Feng Xiaotian. Living arrangement after marriage of the first-generation only children[J]. Population Research, 2006,30(5):57-63.]
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王跃生.中国城乡家庭结构变动分析:基于2010年人口普查数据[J].中国社会科学,2013(1):60-77.[Wang Yuesheng. An analysis of the changes in China's urban and rural family structures:Based on 2010 census data[J]. Social Sciences in China, 2013(1):60-77.]
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白凯,符国群.家庭旅游决策研究的中国化理论视角与分析思路[J].旅游学刊,2011,26(12):49-56.[Bai Kai, Fu Guoqun. Perspective of the theory of localization in the study of family travel decisionmaking and train of thoughts for analysis[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2011, 26(12):49-56.]
[34]
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[12]
Bronnera F, De Hoog R. Agreement and disagreement in family vacation decision-making[J]. Tourism Management, 2008,29(5):967-979.
[19]
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Litvin S W, Xu G, Kang S K. Spousal vacation-buying decision making revisited across time and place[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 2004,43(2):193-198.
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Matisziwa T C, Nilonb C H, Stanisc S A W. The right space at the right time:The relationship between children's physical activity and land use/land cover[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2016, 151:21-32.
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Liang Y. Children's influence on purchasing tourism products via the internet:Parental power versus children's power-the social power perspective[J]. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 2013,30(7):639-661.
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Thornton P R, Shaw G, Williams A M. Tourist group holiday decision-making and behavior:The influence of children[J]. Tourism Management, 1997,18(5):287-297.
[37]
Rhoden S, Hunter-Jones P, Miller A. Tourism experiences through the eyes of a child[J]. Annals of Leisure Research, 2016,19(4):424-443.
[15]
Wang K C, Hsieh A T, Yeh Y C, et al. Who is the decisionmaker:The parents or the child in group package tours?[J]. Tourism Management, 2004,25(2):183-194.
[16]
刘妍,赵川,陈嘉睿.基于"推拉阻" 模型的国内亲子旅游决策研究[J].地域研究与开发,2016,35(5):115-119.[Liu Yan, Zhao Chuan, Chen Jiarui. Research on parents-child tour decisions based on "push-pull-obstruction" theory[J]. Areal Research and Development, 2016,35(5):115-119.]
[17]
帕帕拉,奥尔兹,费尔德曼.发展心理学:从生命早期到青春期(第10版)[M].李西营,译.北京:人民邮电出版社,2013:33-44.[Papalia D E, Olds S W, Feldman R D. Human Development(10th edition)[M]. Li Xiying, trans. Beijing:Posts & Telecom Press, 2013:33-44.]
[23]
Poria Y, Atzaba-Poria N, Barrett M. The relationship between children's geographical knowledge and travel experience:An exploratory study[J]. Tourism Geographies, 2005,7(4):387-397.
[34]
Kim S, Lehto X Y. Travel by families with children possessing disabilities:Motives and activities[J]. Tourism Management, 2013,37(3):13-24.
[38]
Thomas G, Fox M D, John J, et al. Travel-related infections in children[J]. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 2013,60(2):507-527.
[18]
Piaget J. Construction of Reality in the Child[M]. London:Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957:37-88.
[24]
Chesworth N. The family vacation:A double edged sword[J]. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 2003,27(4):346-348.
[35]
Gram M. Family holidays:A qualitative analysis of family holiday experiences[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 2005,5(1):2-22.
[39]
Small J, Harris C. Crying babies on planes:Aeromobility and parenting[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2014,48:27-41.
[19]
Sedgley D, Pritchard A, Morgan N, et al. Tourism and autism:Journeys of mixed emotions[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2017,66:14-25.
[25]
Mccabe S. Who needs a holiday? Evaluating social tourism[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2009,36(4):667-688.
[36]
Nickerson N P, Jurowski C. The influence of children on vacation travel patterns[J]. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 2001,7(1):19-30.
[40]
Gagen E A. Landscapes of childhood and youth[M]//Duncan J S, Johnson N C, Shein R H. A Companion to Cultural Geography. Malden, MA:Blackwell Publishing, 2004:404-419.
[20]
Kelly J R, Kelly J R. Multiple dimensions of meaning in the domains of work, family, and leisure[J]. Journal of Leisure Research, 1994,26(3):250-274.
[26]
Kim S S, Choi S, Agrusa J, et al. The role of family decision makers in festival tourism[J]. International Journal of Hospitality Man-agement, 2010,29(2):308-318.
[37]
Rhoden S, Hunter-Jones P, Miller A. Tourism experiences through the eyes of a child[J]. Annals of Leisure Research, 2016,19(4):424-443.
[41]
Buzinde C N, Manuel-Navarrete D. The social production of space in tourism enclaves:Mayan chilldren's perception of tourism boundaries[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2013,43:482-505.
[21]
Kidron C A. Being there together:Dark family tourism and the emotive experience of copresence in the holocaust past[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2013,41(1):175-194.
[22]
安东尼·吉登斯, 菲利普·萨顿.社会学(第7版)[M].赵旭东,等,译. 北京:北京大学出版社,2015:319-335.[Giddens A, Sutton P W. Sociology(7th edition)[M]. Zhao Xudong, trans. Beijing:Peking University Press, 2015:319-335.]
[27]
Kang S K, Hsu C H. Dyadic consensus on family vacation destination selection[J]. Tourism Management, 2005,26(4):571-582.
[38]
Thomas G, Fox M D, John J, et al. Travel-related infections in children[J]. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 2013,60(2):507-527.
[28]
杜鹏.中国儿童消费行为分析及营销策略[J].经济与管理,2005,19(7):38-40.[Du Peng. Analysis of Chinese children market behaviors and its marketing tactics[J]. Economy and Management, 2005, 19(7):38-40.]
[42]
Bartos A E. Children sensing place[J]. Emotion, Space and Society, 2013(9):89-98.
[23]
Poria Y, Atzaba-Poria N, Barrett M. The relationship between children's geographical knowledge and travel experience:An exploratory study[J]. Tourism Geographies, 2005,7(4):387-397.
[39]
Small J, Harris C. Crying babies on planes:Aeromobility and parenting[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2014,48:27-41.
[29]
Shaw S M, Dawson D. Purposive leisure:Examining parental discourses on family activities[J]. Leisure Sciences, 2001,23(4):217-231.
[30]
白凯,符国群.家庭旅游决策研究的中国化理论视角与分析思路[J].旅游学刊,2011,26(12):49-56.[Bai Kai, Fu Guoqun. Perspective of the theory of localization in the study of family travel decisionmaking and train of thoughts for analysis[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2011, 26(12):49-56.]
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Chesworth N. The family vacation:A double edged sword[J]. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 2003,27(4):346-348.
[40]
Gagen E A. Landscapes of childhood and youth[M]//Duncan J S, Johnson N C, Shein R H. A Companion to Cultural Geography. Malden, MA:Blackwell Publishing, 2004:404-419.
[31]
Charline D, Cawley M, Schmitz S. The tourist on the farm:A ‘muddled’ image[J]. Tourism Management, 2017,59(5):298-311.
[44]
Kozak M. Family-based travel narratives:Confirmatory personal introspection of children's interpretations of their journey to three destinations[J]. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 2016, 29:119-125.
[25]
Mccabe S. Who needs a holiday? Evaluating social tourism[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2009,36(4):667-688.
[41]
Buzinde C N, Manuel-Navarrete D. The social production of space in tourism enclaves:Mayan chilldren's perception of tourism boundaries[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2013,43:482-505.
[32]
Matisziwa T C, Nilonb C H, Stanisc S A W. The right space at the right time:The relationship between children's physical activity and land use/land cover[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2016, 151:21-32.
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Lawlor M, Prothero A. Pester power:A battle of wills between children andtheir parents[J]. Journal of Marketing Management, 27(5/6):561-581.
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Kim S S, Choi S, Agrusa J, et al. The role of family decision makers in festival tourism[J]. International Journal of Hospitality Man-agement, 2010,29(2):308-318.
[42]
Bartos A E. Children sensing place[J]. Emotion, Space and Society, 2013(9):89-98.
[33]
Thornton P R, Shaw G, Williams A M. Tourist group holiday decision-making and behavior:The influence of children[J]. Tourism Management, 1997,18(5):287-297.
[46]
Kim S S, Choi S, Agrusa J, et al. The role of family decision makers in festival tourism[J]. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2010,29(2):308-318.
[27]
Kang S K, Hsu C H. Dyadic consensus on family vacation destination selection[J]. Tourism Management, 2005,26(4):571-582.
[43]
Gamradt J. Jamaican children's representation of tourism[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 1995,22(4):735-762.
[28]
杜鹏.中国儿童消费行为分析及营销策略[J].经济与管理,2005,19(7):38-40.[Du Peng. Analysis of Chinese children market behaviors and its marketing tactics[J]. Economy and Management, 2005, 19(7):38-40.]
[34]
Kim S, Lehto X Y. Travel by families with children possessing disabilities:Motives and activities[J]. Tourism Management, 2013,37(3):13-24.
[47]
Lehto X Y, Choi S, Lin Y C, et al. Vacation and family functioning[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2009,36(3):459-479.
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Kozak M. Family-based travel narratives:Confirmatory personal introspection of children's interpretations of their journey to three destinations[J]. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 2016, 29:119-125.
[29]
Shaw S M, Dawson D. Purposive leisure:Examining parental discourses on family activities[J]. Leisure Sciences, 2001,23(4):217-231.
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Bertella G. Celebrating the family abroad:The wedding tourism experience[J]. Annals of Leisure Research, 2015,18(3):397-413.
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白凯,符国群.家庭旅游决策研究的中国化理论视角与分析思路[J].旅游学刊,2011,26(12):49-56.[Bai Kai, Fu Guoqun. Perspective of the theory of localization in the study of family travel decisionmaking and train of thoughts for analysis[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2011, 26(12):49-56.]
[35]
Gram M. Family holidays:A qualitative analysis of family holiday experiences[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 2005,5(1):2-22.
[45]
Lawlor M, Prothero A. Pester power:A battle of wills between children andtheir parents[J]. Journal of Marketing Management, 27(5/6):561-581.
[31]
Charline D, Cawley M, Schmitz S. The tourist on the farm:A ‘muddled’ image[J]. Tourism Management, 2017,59(5):298-311.
[36]
Nickerson N P, Jurowski C. The influence of children on vacation travel patterns[J]. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 2001,7(1):19-30.
[49]
Crompton J L. Motivations for pleasure vacations[J]. Annals of Leisure Research, 1979,6(4):408-424.
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Kim S S, Choi S, Agrusa J, et al. The role of family decision makers in festival tourism[J]. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2010,29(2):308-318.
[37]
Rhoden S, Hunter-Jones P, Miller A. Tourism experiences through the eyes of a child[J]. Annals of Leisure Research, 2016,19(4):424-443.
[50]
Khoo-Lattimore C. Kids on board:Methodological challenges, concerns and clarifications when including young children's voices in tourism research[J]. Current Issues in Tourism, 2015,18(9):845-858.
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Matisziwa T C, Nilonb C H, Stanisc S A W. The right space at the right time:The relationship between children's physical activity and land use/land cover[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2016, 151:21-32.
[47]
Lehto X Y, Choi S, Lin Y C, et al. Vacation and family functioning[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2009,36(3):459-479.
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Thornton P R, Shaw G, Williams A M. Tourist group holiday decision-making and behavior:The influence of children[J]. Tourism Management, 1997,18(5):287-297.
[38]
Thomas G, Fox M D, John J, et al. Travel-related infections in children[J]. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 2013,60(2):507-527.
[48]
Bertella G. Celebrating the family abroad:The wedding tourism experience[J]. Annals of Leisure Research, 2015,18(3):397-413.
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Prout A. The Future of Childhood:Towards the Interdisciplinary Study of Childhood[M]. London:Routledge, 2005:1-13.
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Small J, Harris C. Crying babies on planes:Aeromobility and parenting[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2014,48:27-41.
[34]
Kim S, Lehto X Y. Travel by families with children possessing disabilities:Motives and activities[J]. Tourism Management, 2013,37(3):13-24.
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Crompton J L. Motivations for pleasure vacations[J]. Annals of Leisure Research, 1979,6(4):408-424.
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[35]
Gram M. Family holidays:A qualitative analysis of family holiday experiences[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 2005,5(1):2-22.
[50]
Khoo-Lattimore C. Kids on board:Methodological challenges, concerns and clarifications when including young children's voices in tourism research[J]. Current Issues in Tourism, 2015,18(9):845-858.
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Buzinde C N, Manuel-Navarrete D. The social production of space in tourism enclaves:Mayan chilldren's perception of tourism boundaries[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2013,43:482-505.
[36]
Nickerson N P, Jurowski C. The influence of children on vacation travel patterns[J]. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 2001,7(1):19-30.
[51]
Canosa A, Graham A. Ethical tourism research involving children[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2016,61:213-267.
[42]
Bartos A E. Children sensing place[J]. Emotion, Space and Society, 2013(9):89-98.
[37]
Rhoden S, Hunter-Jones P, Miller A. Tourism experiences through the eyes of a child[J]. Annals of Leisure Research, 2016,19(4):424-443.
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