旅游地理视角下记忆研究的进展与启示

doi:10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2018.06.003

PDF(1279 KB)

人文地理 ›› 2018, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (6) : 18-27. DOI: 10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2018.06.003

进展与动态

旅游地理视角下记忆研究的进展与启示

吴炆佳^1,2, 孙九霞^1,2

作者信息 +

THE PROGRESS AND ENLIGHTENMENT OF MEMORY RESEARCH FROM THE TOURISM GEOGRAPHY PERSPECTIVE

WU Wen-jia^1,2, SUN Jiu-xia^1,2

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

记忆是当前西方人文社会科学的重要研究领域，同时也是一个跨学科的概念。记忆与时间和空间密不可分，随着20世纪90年代以来"旅游潮"和"记忆转向"的兴起，记忆研究日益成为中西方旅游地理研究者的关注领域。本文通过对人文地理学中旅游相关研究中的记忆议题和研究方法的梳理，从记忆、物质景观与地方意义的感知，记忆、仪式与身份认同，以及旅游者的情感体验与地方建构三个方面进行分析，以期展现充满文化、社会、政治乃至经济内涵的记忆地理问题发展脉络及独特意义，为国内旅游地理学开拓新的研究视野。

Abstract

Memory, as well as an interdisciplinary concept, has already become a flourishing research field in current western humanities and social sciences academia. Since the 1990s, with the tourism boom and memory turn, tourism geographers from both China and western countries have started to pay attention to memoryrelated researches. This article reviews relevant literatures on memory in social science studies and proposes potential research suggestions to tourism studies in both Chinese and western academia. Firstly, we summarize the general situation of memory studies, including theoretical origins and contributions of different disciplines, especially the one tourism geography makes. Secondly, themes of memory studies in tourism geography have been detected, which are memories represented by physical landscape and meaning production, memory, ritual and identity, and the interplays between tourists' emotional experience and place construction. We find that memory studies in tourism context not only produce a bunch of cultural meanings, but also are conducted under plural geographical scales. Topics are covered on both international relations and national identities, and everyday practice of grassroots with meaning production. However, academia pays less attention to theory development than case studies in memory related studies in human geography research. What should be noticed is that there has not yet formed a fixed research paradigm for memory studies in tourism geography, where geographers draw lessons from other subjects like sociology and psychology. More efforts should be made to systematic research contents and diverse methods can be applied specifically in tourism researches.

导出引用

吴炆佳, 孙九霞. 旅游地理视角下记忆研究的进展与启示[J]. 人文地理. 2018, 33(6): 18-27 https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2018.06.003

WU Wen-jia, SUN Jiu-xia. THE PROGRESS AND ENLIGHTENMENT OF MEMORY RESEARCH FROM THE TOURISM GEOGRAPHY PERSPECTIVE[J]. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2018, 33(6): 18-27 https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2018.06.003

中图分类号： F59

参考文献

[1] Damasio A. The Feeling of What Happens. Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness[M]. London:William Heinemann, 1999:35.
[2] Greenfield S. The Human Brain:A Guided Tour[M]. London:Weidenfield and Nicolson, 1997:3-21.
[3] Jones O. Geography, memory and non-representational geographies[J]. Geography Compass, 2011,5(12):875-885.
[4] 李彦辉, 朱竑. 国外人文地理学关于记忆研究的进展与启示[J].人文地理,2012,27(1):11-15.[Li Yanhui, Zhu Hong. A review and revelation on memory studies of foreign human geography[J]. Human Geography, 2012,27(1):11-15.]
[5] Lewis J, Lewis B, Putra I N D. The Bali bombings monument:Ceremonial cosmopolis[J]. Journal of Asian Studies, 2013,72(1):21-43.
[6] Schwenkel C. Recombinant history:Transnational practices of memory and knowledge production in contemporary Vietnam[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2006,21(1):3-30.
[7] Marschall S. The heritage of post-colonial societies[M]//Graham B, Howard P(eds.). The Ashgate Research Companion to Heritage and Identity. London and New York:Routledge, 2008:347-364.
[8] 申健健,喻学才.国外黑色旅游研究综述[J].旅游学刊,2009,24(4):92-96.[Shen Jianjian, Yu Xuecai. A study review on overseas dark tourism[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2009,24(4):92-96.]
[9] Foster J K. Memory:A Very Short Introduction[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2009:24-28.
[10] Schacter D L. Memory[M]//Posner M I. Foundations of Cognitive Science. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 1989:683-725.
[11] Tulving E. Varieties of consciousness and levels of awareness in memory[M]//Baddeley A, Weiskrantz L. Attention:Selection, Awareness, and Control. A Tribute to Donald Broadbent. London:Oxford University Press, 1993:283-299.
[12] Weiss G. Body Images:Embodiment as Intercorporeality[M]. New York:Routledge, 1999:1-6.
[13] Jones O. An emotional ecology of memory, self and landscape[M]//Davidson J, Bondi L, Smith M. Emotional Geographies. Oxford:Ashgate, 2005:205-218.
[14] 汪新建,艾娟.心理学视域的集体记忆研究[J].南京师大学报(社会科学版),2009(3):112-116.[Wang Xinjian, Ai Juan. On collective memory studies in psychology[J]. Journal of Nanjing Normal University(Social Science Edition), 2009(3):112-116.]
[15] Bartlett F C, Burt C. Remembering:A study in experimental and social psychology[J]. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 1933,3(2):187-192.
[16] 莫里斯·哈布瓦赫.论集体记忆[M].毕然,郭金华,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2002:81-95.[Halbwachs M. On Collective Memory[M]. Bi Ran, Guo Jinhua, trans. Shanghai:Shanghai Renmin Publishing House, 2002:81-95.]
[17] Nora P. Between memory and history:Les lieux de mémoire[J]. Representations, 1989,26(26):17-34.
[18] Winter J. Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning:The Great War in European Cultural History[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2014:78-116.
[19] Koonz C. Between memory and oblivion:Concentration camps in German memory[J]. Commemorations:The Politics of National Identity, 1994,258:93-107.
[20] Winter J. The Memory Boom in Contemporary Historical Studies[M]. Raritan:Rutgers University Press, 2001:52-66.
[21] 保罗·康纳顿.社会如何记忆[M].纳日碧力戈,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2000:46-89.[Connerton P. How Societies Remember[M]. Nari Bilige, trans. Shanghai:Shanghai Renmin Publishing House, 2000:46-89.]
[22] Atkinson D. Kitsch geographies and the everyday spaces of social memory[J]. Environment and Planning A, 2007,39(3):521-540.
[23] Dodgshon R A. In what way is the world really flat:Debates over geographies of the moment[J]. Environment and Planning:D Society and Space, 2008,26(2):300-314.
[24] Johnson N C. Locating memory:Tracing the trajectories of remembrance[J]. Historical Geography, 2005,33:165-179.
[25] Legg S. Memory and nostalgia[J]. Cultural Geographies, 2004,11(1):99-107.
[26] Legg S. Reviewing geographies of memory/forgetting[J]. Environment and Planning A, 2007,39(2):456-466.
[27] Cressy D. Identity, heritage, and history[M]//Gillis J R. Commemorations:The Politics of National Identity. Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1996:41-60.
[28] Pred A. The Past is not Dead:Facts, Fictions, and Enduring Racial Stereotypes[M]. Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press, 2004:38-43.
[29] Tolia-Kelly D. Landscape, Race and Memory:Material Ecologies of Citizenship[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2010:85-116.
[30] Till K. Artistic and activist memory-work:Approaching placebased practice[J]. Memory Studies, 2008,1(1):95-109.
[31] Legg S. Contesting and surviving memory:Space, nation, and nostalgia in Les lieux de memoire[J]. Environment and Planning D:Society & Space, 2005,23(4):481-504.
[32] Crang M, Travlou P S. The city and topologies of memory[J]. Environment and Planning D, Society & Space, 2001,19(2):161-177.
[33] Della Dora V. Mountains and memory:Embodied visions of ancient peaks in the nineteenth-century Aegean[J]. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 2008,33(2):217-232.
[34] DeLyser D. Ramona memories:Fiction, tourist practices, and placing the past in Southern California[J]. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2003,93(4):886-908.
[35] Hoskins G C. Materialising memory at angel island immigration station[J]. Environment and Planning A, 2007,39(2):437-455.
[36] Blunt A. Domicile and Diaspora:Anglo-Indian Women and the Spatial Politics of Home[M]. Oxford:Blackwell, 2005:18-22.
[37] Curti G H. From a wall of bodies to a body of walls:Politics of affect, politics of memory, politics of war[J]. Emotion, Space and Society, 2008,1(2):106-118.
[38] Sidaway J D. Shadows on the path:Negotiating geopolitics on an urban section of Britain's south west coast path[J]. Environment and Planning D:Society and Space, 2009,27(6):1091-1111.
[39] Sidaway J D, Mayell P. Monumental geographies:Re-situating the state[J]. Cultural Geographies, 2007,14(1):148-155.
[40] Krylova A. "Dancing on the graves of the dead" or building a World War Ⅱ memorial in post-Soviet Russia[M]//Walkowitz D J, Knauer L M. Memory and the Impact of Political Transformation in Public Space. Durham:Duke University Press, 2004:83-102.
[41] Lebow R N. The memory of politics in postwar Europe[M]//Lebow N, Kansteiner W, Fogu C. The Politics of Memory in Postwar Europe. Durham:Duke University Press, 2006:1-39.
[42] Marschall S. Tourism and memory[J]. Annals of Tourism Rearch, 2012,39(4):2216-2219.
[43] Harrop J. On the economics of the tourist boom[J]. Bulletin of Economic Research, 1973,25(1),55-73.
[44] Manera C, Segreto M, Pohl M. The Mediterranean as a tourist destination:Past, present, and future of the first mass tourism resort area[M]//Segreto L, Manera C, Pohl M. Europe at the Seaside:The Economic History of Mass Tourism in the Mediterranean. New York:Berghan Books, 2009:1-10.
[45] Schacter D L. Searching for Memory:The Brain, the Mind, and the Past[M]. New York:BasicBooks, 1996:1-14.
[46] Timothy D J. Tourism and the personal heritage experience[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 1997,24(3):751-754.
[47] 李凡,杨蓉,黄丽萍.怀旧消费空间地方建构的比较研究——以广州怀旧餐厅为例[J].地理科学进展,2015,34(4):505-516.[Li Fan, Yang Rong, Huang Liping. A comparative research on local construction of space of nostalgia and consumption:A case study of nostalgic restaurants in Guangzhou[J]. Progress in Geography, 2015,34(4):505-516.]
[48] Boym S. The Future of Nostalgia[M]. New York:Basic Books, 2001:41-48.
[49] MacCannell D. Staged authenticity:Arrangements of social space in tourist settings[J]. The American Journal of Sociology, 1973,79(3):589-603.
[50] Bartoletti R. ‘Memory tourism’ and the commodification of nostalgia[M]//Burns P, Palmer C, Lester J-A. Tourism and Visual Culture (Vol. 1). Wallingford, UK:CABI, 2010:23-42.
[51] 王宁.旅游中的互动本真性:好客旅游研究[J].广西民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2007,29(6):18-24.[Wang Ning. Interactive authenticity in tourism:A case study on hospitality tourism[J]. Journal of Guangxi University for Nationalities (Philosophy and Social Edition), 2007,29(6):18-24.]
[52] 黎耀奇,关巧玉.旅游怀旧:研究现状与展望[J].旅游学刊,2018,33(2):105-116.[Li Yaoqi, Guan Qiaoyu. Nostalgic tourism research:Progress and prospects[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2018,33(2):105-116.]
[53] 汪芳,吕舟,张兵,等.迁移中的记忆与乡愁——城乡记忆的演变机制和空间逻辑[J].地理研究,2017,36(1):3-25.[Wang Fang, Lv Zhou, Zhang Bing, et al. Memory and homesickness in transition:Evolution mechanism and spatial logic of urban and rural memory[J]. Geographical Research, 2017,36(1):3-25.]
[54] 汪芳,孙瑞敏.传统村落的集体记忆研究——对纪录片《记住乡愁》进行内容分析为例[J]. 地理研究,2015,34(12):2368-2380.[Wang Fang, Sun Ruimin. Collective memory of Chinese traditional villages:A case study of content analysis on the documentary Homesickness in Mind[J]. Geographical Research, 2015,34(12):2368-2380.]
[55] 孙九霞,周一.遗产旅游地居民的地方认同——"碉乡"符号、记忆与空间[J].地理研究,2015,34(12):2381-2394.[Sun Jiuxia, Zhou Yi. Residents' place identity at heritage sites:Symbols, memories and space of the "Home of Diaolou"[J]. Geographical Research, 2015, 34(12):2381-2394.]
[56] 刘沛林.新型城镇化建设中"留住乡愁"的理论与实践探索[J].地理研究,2015,34(7):1205-1212.[Liu Peilin. The theory and practice exploration of "remembering nostalgia" in the construction of new urbanization[J]. Geographical Research, 2015,34(7):1205-1212.]
[57] Hannabuss S. Postmodernism and the heritage experience[J]. Library Management, 1999,20(5):295-303.
[58] Sturken M. Tourists of History:Memory, Kitsch, and Consumerism from Oklahoma City to Ground Zero[M]. Durham:Duke University Press, 2007:165-218.
[59] Jon P. From heroes' groves to parks of peace:Landscapes of remembrance, protest and peace[J]. Landscape Research, 2000,25(2):213-228.
[60] Charlesworth A. Contesting places of memory:The case of Auschwitz[J]. Environment and Planning D:Society and Space, 1994, 12(5):579-593.
[61] Schwenkel C. Recombinant history:Transnational practices of memory and knowledge production in contemporary Vietnam[J]. Cultural Anthropology, 2006,21(1):3-30.
[62] Winter C. Tourism, social memory and the Great War[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2009,36(4):607-626.
[63] 方叶林,黄震方,涂玮,等.战争纪念馆游客旅游动机对体验的影响研究——以南京大屠杀纪念馆为例[J].旅游科学,2013,27(5):64-75.[Fang Yelin, Huang Zhenfang, Tu Wei, et al. Study on the influence of tourist motivation on the experience of war memorial:The case of the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall[J]. Tourism Science, 2013,27(5):64-75.]
[64] Potts T J. ‘Dark tourism’ and the ‘kitschification’ of 9/11[J]. Tourist Studies, 2012,12(3):232-249.
[65] Lennon J, Foley M. Dark Tourism:The Attraction of Death and Disaster[M]. London & New York:Continuum, 2000:125.
[66] 唐弘久,张捷.旅游地居民对于"5·12"大地震集体记忆的信息建构特征——以九寨沟旅游地区为例[J].长江流域资源与环境, 2013,22(5):669-677.[Tang Hongjiu, Zhang Jie. Information source and variation characteristics of tourist destination residents' collective memory on "5.12" Great Earthquake:Jiuzhaigou tourism area for example[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2013,22(5):669-677.]
[67] 张巧运.浴"难"重生:一个羌族村寨灾难旅游和遗产旅游的案例研究[J].民俗研究,2014(1):58-67.[Zhang Qiaoyun. Confronting the disaster, rising from the ashes:The case study on disaster tourism and heritage tourism of a Qiang village[J]. Folklore Studies, 2014(1):58-67.]
[68] Alderman D H. A street for a King:Naming places and commemoration[J]. The Professional Geographer, 2000,52(4):672-684.
[69] 贺欣,徐桂林.红色旅游建构历史记忆的方式探究——以井冈山景区为例[J].旅游纵览(下半月),2013,09:323-325.[He Xin, Xu Guilin. Exploring the way of constructing historical memory in red tourism:The case study of Jinggang mountain scenic spot[J]. Tourism Overview, 2013(9):323-325.]
[70] Marschall S. Tourism and memory[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2012,39(4):2216-2219.
[71] Park H Y. Shared national memory as intangible heritage:Re-imagining two Koreas as one nation[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2011,38(2):520-539.
[72] 刘爱利,涂琼华,刘敏,等.宗教型遗产地旅游商业化的演化过程及机制——以嵩山少林寺为例[J].地理研究,2015,34(9):1781-1794.[Liu Aili, Tu Qionghua, Liu Min, et al. Evolution characteristics and mechanism of tourism commercialization development in a religious heritage site:A case study of Shaolin temple scenic area[J]. Geographical Research, 2015,34(9):1781-1794.]
[73] Garcia-Fuentes J M. Guidebooks, postcards, and panoramas:The building of Montserrat through modern mass media[J]. Memory Studies, 2015,9(1):63-74.
[74] Haydon D. The Power of Place:Urban Landscape as Public History[M]. Cambridge:MIT Press, 1995:14-43.
[75] 赵红梅.论仪式理论在旅游研究中的应用——兼评纳尔什·格雷本教授的"旅游仪式论"[J].旅游学刊,2007,22(9):70-74.[Zhao Hongmei. A study on the application of ritual theory in tourism research:Comments on "tourism as ritual" by Nelson Graburn[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2007,22(9):70-74.]
[76] 郭于华.民间社会与仪式国家[J].读书,1999(9):125-131.[Guo Yuhua. Folk society and national ceremony[J]. Dushu, 1999(9):125-131.]
[77] Purvis M. Performing wartime memories:Ceremony as contest at the Risiera di San Sabba death camp, Trieste[J]. Social & Cultural Geography, 2009,10(3):337-356.
[78] 杨扬.空间、仪式与社会记忆——以侵华日军南京大屠杀遇难同胞纪念馆为中心的考察[D].南京:南京师范大学,2007:18-21.[Yang Yang. Space, Ritual, and Social Memory:A Study on the Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders[D]. Nanjing:Nanjing Normal University, 2007:18-21.]
[79] Kong L, Yeoh B S A. The construction of national identity through the production of ritual and spectacle:An analysis of National Day parades in Singapore[J]. Political Geography, 2001,16(3):375-402.
[80] 李靖. 印象"泼水节":交织于国家、地方、民间仪式中的少数民族节庆旅游[J]. 民俗研究,2014(1):45-57.[Li Jing. The impression of water splashing festival:The ethnic minority festival tourism intangled in the nation, place and folk ritual[J]. Folklore Studies, 2014(1):45-57.]
[81] Zhu Y. Performing heritage:Rethinking authenticity in tourism[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2012,39(3):1495-1513.
[82] Albera D. Journeys into lost memories:Migration, tourism, and historical choreographies in an Alpine valley[J]. Journal of Tourism & Cultural Change, 2014,12(2):102-117.
[83] Yerushalmi Y H. Zakhor:Jewish History and Jewish Memory[M]. Seattle:University of Washington Press, 1982:89-93.
[84] Sabine Marschall. ‘Personal memory tourism’ and a wider exploration of the tourism-memory nexus[J]. Journal of Tourism & Cultural Change, 2012,10(4):321-335.
[85] Boym S. The Future of Nostalgia[M]. New York:Basic Books, 2001:41-48.
[86] Timothy D J. Tourism and the personal heritage experience[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 1997,24(3):751-754.
[87] Marschall S. Touring memories of the erased city:Memory, tourism and notions of ‘home’[J]. Tourism Geographies, 2015,17(3):332-349.
[88] Pearce P L. The experience of visiting home and familiar places[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2012,39(2):1024-1047.
[89] 唐雪琼,钱俊希,陈岚雪.旅游影响下少数民族节日的文化适应与重构——基于哈尼族长街宴演变的分析[J].地理研究,2011,30(5):835-844.[Tang Xueqiong, Qian Junxi, Chen Lanxue. Cultural adaption and reconstruction of minority festival activities in tourism development:A case study of Hani Long-street Banquet[J]. Geographical Research, 2011,30(5):835-844.]
[90] 吴炆佳,钱俊希,朱竑.商品化民族节日中表演者的角色认同与管理——以西双版纳傣族园泼水节为例[J].旅游学刊,2015,30(5):55-64.[Wu Wenjia, Qian Junxi, Zhu Hong. Actors' Role Management in the context of the commodification of ethnic festivals:A case study of Dai Nationality Garden in Xishuangbanna[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2015,30(5):55-64.]
[91] Fentress J, Wickham C. Social Memory[M]. Oxford:Blackwell, 1994:86.
[92] Halbwachs M, Coser L A. On Collective Memory[M]. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1992:45.
[93] Echabe A, Castro J. Social memory:Macropsychological aspects[M]//Flick U. The Psychology of the Social. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1990:91-106.
[94] Sefton J E. Remembering war:The great war between memory and history in the twentieth century[J]. History Reviews of New Books, 2007,35(3):113-114.
[95] Nöth W. Handbook of Semiotics[M]. Bloomington:Indiana University Press, 1995:92-102.
[96] Allar K P. Holocaust tourism in a post holocaust Europe[M]//White L, Frew E. Dark Tourism and Place Identity:Managing and Interpreting Dark Places. New York:Routledge, 2013:189-201.
[97] 王敏,江荣灏,朱竑.人文地理学的"视觉"研究进展与启示[J].人文地理,2017,32(3):10-19.[Wang Min, Jiang Ronghao, Zhu Hong. A review and revelation of the study of visual in human geography[J]. Human Geography, 2017,32(3):10-19.]
[98] Goulding C, Domic D. Heritage, identity and ideological manipulation:The case of Croatia[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2009, 36(1):85-102.
[99] Cohen E, Cohen S A. Current sociological theories and issues in tourism[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2012,39(4):2177-2202.
[100] Cohen E. Globalization, global crises and tourism[J]. Tourism Recreation Research, 2015,37(2):103-111.
[101] Holloway D, Green L, Holloway D. The intratourist gaze:Grey nomads and ‘other tourists’[J]. Tourist Studies, 2011,11(3):235-252.
[102] Shoval N. Street-naming, tourism development and cultural conflict:The case of the old city of Acre/Akko/Akka[J]. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 2013,38(4):612-626.
[103] Chronis A. Between place and story:Gettysburg as tourism imaginary[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2012,39(4):1797-1816.
[104] Mitas O, Yarnal C, Chick G. Jokes build community:Mature tourists' positive emotions[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2012,39(4):1884-1905.
[105] Stylianou-Lambert T. Tourists with cameras:Reproducing or producing?[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2012,39(4):1817-1838.
[106] Tung V W S, Ritchie J R B. Exploring the essence of memorable tourism experiences[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2011,38(4):1367-1386.
[107] Isnart C. Changing the face of Catholicism in a tourist context:Heritage care, ritual dynamics, and the rhetoric of transformation of a religious minority in Greece[J]. Journal of Tourism & Cultural Change, 2014,12(2):133-149.
[108] Korman Y M T. Between war and peace:Conflict heritage tourism along three Israeli border areas[J]. Tourism Geographies, 2015,17(3):437-460.
[109] Kim S. A cross-cultural study of film-tourism experiences among Chinese, Japanese, Taiwanese and Thai visitors to the Daejanggeum Theme Park, South Korea[J]. Current Issues in Tourism, 2012, 15(8):759-776.
[110] Wang D, Sangwon P, Fesenmaier D R. The role of smartphones in mediating the touristic experience[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 2012,51(4):371-387.
[111] Swanson K K, Timothy D J. Souvenirs:Icons of meaning, commercialization and commoditization[J]. Tourism Management, 2012, 33(3):489-499.
[112] Kirshenblatt-Gimblett B. Destination Culture:Tourism, Museums, and Heritage[M]. Oakland:University of California Press, 1998:131-176.
[113] Nora P. Between memory and history:Les lieux de mémoire[J]. Representations, 1989,26:17-24.
[114] Erll A. Travelling memory[J]. Parallax, 2011,17(4):4-18.
[115] Baddeley A. Essentials of Human Memory[M]. Hove:Psychology Press, 1999:109-130.
[116] Burke P. History as social memory[M]//Butler T. Memory:History, Culture and the Mind. Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1989:97-113.
[117] Stylianou-Lambert T. Gazing from home:Cultural tourism and art museums[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2011,38(2):403-421.
[118] Dwyer O J. Symbolic accretion and commemoration[J]. Social &Cultural Geography, 2004,5(3):419-435.
[119] Marschall S. Tourism and remembrance:The journey into the self and its past[J]. Journal of Tourism & Cultural Change, 2014,12(4):335-348.
[120] Whigham K. Performing a future (in) performing a past:Identity, cultural performance, and the Utopian impulse[J]. Tourist Studies, 2014, 14(2):203-224.
[121] Hyde K F, Harman S. Motives for a secular pilgrimage to the Gallipoli battlefields[J]. Tourism Management, 2011,32(6):1343-1351.
[122] 李彦辉,朱竑.地方传奇、集体记忆与国家认同——以黄埔军校旧址及其参观者为中心的研究[J].人文地理, 2013,28(6):17-21.[Li Yanhui, Zhu Hong. Place myth, collective memory and national identity:A case study of Huangpu Military Academy in Guangzhou[J]. Human Geography, 2013,28(6):17-21.]
[123] Unin W. The sanitization of colonial history:Authenticity, heritage interpretation and the case of Macau's tour guides[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2013,21(6):915-931.