旅游中的地方营造：缘起、内涵及应用

刘婷婷; 马凌; 保继刚

doi:10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2022.02.001

PDF(5970 KB)

人文地理 ›› 2022, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (2) : 1-12. DOI: 10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2022.02.001

进展与动态

旅游中的地方营造：缘起、内涵及应用

刘婷婷¹, 马凌², 保继刚^1,3

作者信息 +

PLACE MAKING IN TOURISM: ORIGIN, CONNOTATION AND APPLICATION

LIU Ting-ting¹, MA Ling², BAO Ji-gang^1,3

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

地方是旅游活动的空间载体，也是旅游目的地形象建构的核心内容。本文在对地方和地方营造的缘起和内涵进行辨析总结的基础上，通过CiteSpace的可视化主题分析和文献阅读，对其应用于旅游发展的主要议题和脉络进行梳理发现：①地方和地方营造的本质是意义建构，地方在旅游发展中具有多重可建构性。旅游既是地方营造的驱动力，也对地方营造和地方发展产生重要影响。②地方营造过程涉及政府、资本、游客、当地居民等多重主体和视角，也因而牵涉多方协商和多主体认同。一方面，多方协商的地方意义有助于地方性的快速重构，推动旅游地迅速发展；另一方面，各方利益主体权力不对等也使得地方营造成为强势权力主体的表达结果，这将加速旅游地的商品化。

Abstract

Being conceptualized as a particular location possessing a collection of meanings, place is not only the space carrier of tourism activities, but also the core content of making tourist destinations. Given that tourism has increasingly become an important force to shape the meaning of place, the notion of place making has attracted much attention in tourism field. Based on the origin review and connotation analysis of two concepts of place and place making, this paper sorts out the main issues of place making's application to tourism development through CiteSpace visualization software and literature reading. By combing and examining the foreign research on place making collected from Web of Science, it is found that:1) The essence of place and place making is meaning construction. In tourism development, the meaning of the place could be constructed multiply, which provides the opportunity for making it as the touristic place. The practice of place making further has an important impact on local development. And this can easily result in emotional fractures of local residents towards the original place and affect their attitudes and behaviors towards tourism development. At the same time, the fictitious local landscape also makes it difficult for tourists to obtain a complete understanding and in-depth experience of the locality, which ultimately leads to unsustainable tourism in the destination. 2) Creating the place as a destination involves multiple stakeholders, such as the government, enterprises, local residents, and tourists. Therefore, the process of place making implies multi-party negotiation and multi-participant's identity, which have both positive and negative influences on the place.

导出引用

刘婷婷, 马凌, 保继刚. 旅游中的地方营造：缘起、内涵及应用[J]. 人文地理. 2022, 37(2): 1-12 https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2022.02.001

LIU Ting-ting, MA Ling, BAO Ji-gang. PLACE MAKING IN TOURISM: ORIGIN, CONNOTATION AND APPLICATION[J]. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2022, 37(2): 1-12 https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2022.02.001

中图分类号： K901

参考文献

[1] 何瀚林,蔡晓梅.国外无地方与非地方研究进展与启示[J].人文地理,2014,29(6):47-52,31.[He Hanlin, Cai Xiaomei. Progress and enlightenment on placelessness and non-place in the foreign geographical studies[J]. Human Geography, 2014,29(6):47-52,31.]
[2] Lefebvre H. The Production of Space[M]. Cambridge, MA:Blackwell, 1991:83-90.
[3] Relph E. Place and Placelessness[M]. London:Pion, 1976:79-121.
[4] 钱俊希,钱丽芸,朱竑". 全球的地方感"理论述评与广州案例解读[J]. 人文地理,2011,26(6):40- 44.[Qian Junxi, Qian Liyun, Zhu Hong. A global sense of place:The theoretical framework and a case study of Guangzhou[J]. Human Geography, 2011,26(6):40-44.]
[5] Scott J, Peter J. Carrington. The SAGE Handbook of Social NetWork Analysis[M]. London:SAGE Publications, 2011:316-330.
[6] 周尚意,唐顺英,戴俊骋". 地方"概念对人文地理学各分支意义的辨识[J].人文地理,2011,26(6):10-13,9.[Zhou Shangyi, Tang Shunying, Dai Juncheng. Identification of the significance of the concept of place to branches under human geography[J]. Human Geography, 2011,26(6):10-13,9.]
[7] 钱俊希.地方性研究的理论视角及其对旅游研究的启示[J].旅游学刊,2013,28(3):5-7.[Qian Junxi. The theoretical perspective of locality and its enlightenment to tourism research[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2013,28(3):5-7.]
[8] Urry J. Consuming Places[M]. London:Routledge, 2002:2.
[9] 陈蕴真.浅议地方理论在旅游研究中的应用[J].桂林旅游高等专科学校学报,2007,18(3):453-456.[Chen Yunzhen. The application of place theory in tourism research[J]. Journal of Guilin Institute of Tourism, 2007,18(3):453-456.]
[10] 唐文跃.地方性与旅游开发的相互影响及其意义[J].旅游学刊, 2013,28(4):9-11.[Tang Wenyue. Mutual influence and significance of locality and tourism development[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2013, 28(4):9-11.]
[11] 郎朗,林森.结构化理论在"地方"研究中的应用——以北京三里屯的演变为例[J].地理研究,2017,36(6):1065-1080.[Lang Lang, Lin Sen. Place transformation from the perspective of structuration theory:A case study of Sanlitun, Beijing[J]. Geographical Research, 2017,36(6):1065-1080.]
[12] Tuan Y F. Space and Place:The Perspective of Experience[M]. Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press, 2001:54.
[13] Agnew J A. Space:Place[M]//Cloke P, Johnston R(Eds.). Spaces of Geographical Thought:Deconstructing Human Geography's Binaries. London:Sage, 2005:81-96.
[14] Tuan Y F. Space and place:Humanistic perspective[M]//Gale S, Olssen G(Eds.). Philosophy in Geography. Dordrecht:D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1979:387-388.
[15] 迈克·克朗.文化地理学[M].杨淑华,宋慧敏,译.南京:南京大学出版社,2003:127- 152.[Mike Crang. Cultural Geography[M]. Yang Shuhua, Song Huimin, trans. Nanjing:Nanjing University Press, 2003:127-152.]
[16] 蒂姆·科瑞斯威尔.地方:记忆、想象与认同[M].王志弘,徐苔玲,译. 台北:群学出版社,2006:1.[Cresswell T. Place:Memory,Imagination, and Identity[M]. Wang Zhihong, Xu Tailing, trans. Taibei:Socio Publishing Co. Ltd, 2006:63,47.]
[17] Pred A. Place as historically contingent process:Structuration and the time-geography of becoming places[J]. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1984,74(2):279-297.
[18] Massey D. Space, Place and Gender[M]. Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press, 1994:146-173.
[19] Gieryn T F. A space for place in sociology[J]. Annual Review of Sociology, 2000,26(1):463-496.
[20] Musterd S, Kovács Z. Place-making and Policies for Competitive Cities[M]. Chichester:John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2013:100.
[21] Page S, Hardyman R. Place marketing and town center management:A new tool for urban revitalization[J]. Cities, 1996,13(3):153- 64.
[22] Teedon P. Designing a place called Bankside:On defining an unknown space in London[J]. European Planning Studies, 2001,9(4):459-481.
[23] Burkner H. Place-making, Placemeg Concept Guidance Paper[R]. Guadalajara:Institute for Regional Development and Structural Planning, 2006.
[24] 袁久红,吴耀国.城市化进程中地方性的迷失与重建[J].华中科技大学学报(社会科学版),2018,32(1):37- 42.[Yuan Jiuhong, Wu Yaoguo. Loss and reconstruction of locality in the Chinese urbanization[J]. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(Social Science Edition), 2018,32(1):37-42.]
[25] Massey D. A global sense of place[J]. Marxism Today, 1991,38(2):24-29.
[26] 郑震.空间:一个社会学的概念[J].社会学研究,2010,25(5):167- 191,245.[Zheng Zhen. Space:A concept of sociology[J]. Sociological Studies, 2010,25(5):167-191,245.]
[27] Heidegger M. Being and Time[M]. Macquarrie J, Robinson E, trans. London:SCM Press Ltd, 1999/1962:142-146.
[28] Foucault M. Power/Knowledge:Selected interviews and other writings 1972-1977[J]. Colin Gordon (Eds). New York:Pantheon Books, 1980:69.
[29] Schneekloth L H, Shibley R G. Implacing architecture into the practice of placemaking[J]. Journal of Architectural Education, 2000, 53(3):130-140.
[30] 王天夫.空间、地点与城市社会学[J].武汉大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2021,74(2):172-184.[Wang Tianfu. Space, place and urban sociology[J]. Wuhan University Journal(Philosophy & Social Science), 2021,74(2):172-184.]
[31] 胡映东.场所精神的回归[J].山西建筑,2007,33(18):26-27.[Hu Yingdong. Returning of place spirit[J]. Shanxi Architecture, 2007, 33(18):26-27.]
[32] 诺伯格·舒尔茨.场所精神——迈向建筑现象学[M].施植明,译.武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2001:3.[Norberg-Schulz Christian. Genius Loci:Towards A Phenomenology of Architecture[M]. Shi Zhiming, trans. Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science & Technology Press, 2001:3.]
[33] 邓蜀阳,叶红.传统街区的空间场所营造[J].重庆建筑大学学报, 2004,26(5):1- 5.[Deng Shuyang, Ye Hong. Space construction of traditional blocks in urban renewal[J]. Journal of Chongqing Jianzhu University, 2004,26(5):1-5.]
[34] Sofield T, Guia J, Specht J. Organic "folkloric" community driven place-making and tourism[J]. Tourism Management, 2017,61:1-22.
[35] ODPM (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister). Bristol Accord[R]. Bristol:Ministerial Information Paper, 2005.
[36] Kokx A. Partnerships in urban restructuring:Building long-term relationships or a pragmatic managerial Tool? The dutch experience[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2011, 35(5):1026-1047.
[37] United Nations Habitat Commission. Transforming Cities through Place Making and Public Spaces Programme[R]. Geneva:UNHC. 2011.
[38] Project for Public Spaces Inc. Placemaking and the Future of Cities[R]. New York:UN- HABITAT Sustainable Urban Development Network, 2012.
[39] Hunt B. A keynote speech by hunt of HTA architects Ltd[EB/OL]. (2001- 02- 22)[2019- 03- 03]. http://www.sustainable-placemaking.org/about.htm.
[40] Jacobs J.The Death and Life of Great American Cities[M]. London:Vintage, 1992:1-3.
[41] Arefi M. Deconstructing Placemaking:Needs, Opportunities and Assets[M]. New York:Routledge, 2014:6.
[42] Friedmann J. Reflections on place and place-making in the cities of China[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2007,31(2):257-279.
[43] 杨洋,蔡溢,范乐乐,等.侗族大歌的旅游实践、地方性重构与族群认同——贵州肇兴侗寨案例[J].旅游学刊,2021,36(2):80- 91.[Yang Yang, Cai Yi, Fan Lele, et al. Tourism practice, placeness reconstruction, and ethnic identity of a Dong minority chorus:A case in Dong village, Zhaoxing, Guizhou[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2021, 36(2):80-91.]
[44] 陈品宇,孔翔,袁超,等.日游黄山,夜泊黎阳:黄山市黎阳in巷旅游街区的地方营造研究[J].人文地理,2020,35(6):140-148.[Chen Pinyu, Kong Xiang, Yuan Chao, et al. Touring Huangshan during the day, staying in Liyang at night:The placemaking of tourist block in Liyang IN lane, Huangshan[J]. Human Geography, 2020, 35(6):140-148.]
[45] 钱征寒,牛慧恩.社区规划——理论、实践及其在我国的推广建议[J]. 城市规划学刊,2007(4):74- 78.[Qian Zhenghan, Niu Huien. Community planning:Theory, practice and suggestions on its populairzation in China[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2007(4):74-78.]
[46] Steuteville R. The economic value of a unique place[EB/OL]. (2016-02-03)[2020-02-04]. www.cnu.org/publicsquare/economicvalue-unique-place.
[47] Wyckoff M, Neumann B, Pape G, et al. Placemaking as An Economic Development Tool:A Placemaking Guide[M]. East Lansing:Land Policy Institute of Michigan State University, 2015:23.
[48] Gotham K. Marketing Mardi Gras:Commodification, spectacle and the political economy of tourism in New Orleans[J]. Urban Studies, 2002,39(10):1735-1756.
[49] Hollinshead K, Ateljevic I, Ali N. Worldmaking agency-worldmaking authority:The sovereign constitutive role of tourism[J]. Tourism Geographies, 2009,11(4):427-443.
[50] Soica S. Tourism as practice of making meaning[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2016,61:96-110.
[51] Hultman J, Hall C M. Tourism place-making:Governance of locality in Sweden[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2012,39(2):547-570.
[52] Hamilton K, Alexander M. Organic community tourism:A cocreated approach[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2013,42:169-190.
[53] Kolas A. Tourism and Tibetan Culture in Transition:A Place Called Shangrila[M]. London:Routledge, 2008:1-176.
[54] Lew A A. Tourism planning and place making:Place- making or placemaking?[J]. Tourism Geographies, 2017,19(3):448-466.
[55] 张骁鸣". 官办的"火把节与"建构的"地方性[J].旅游学刊,2013, 28(4):12-14.[Zhang Xiaoming. Government led Torch festival and constructed locality[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2013,28(4):12-14.]
[56] 周尚意,纪凤仪,成志芬.基于非表征理论大运河空间营造的两种路径——以大运河(北京段)为例[J].北京联合大学学报(人文社会科学版),2019,17(4):24-30.[Zhou Shangyi, Ji Fengyi, Chen Zhi-fen. Two approaches of space making in the Grand Canal area on the base of non-representation theory:A case study of the grand canal in Beijing[J]. Journal of Beijing Union University(Humanities and Social Sciences), 2019,17(4):24-30.]
[57] 周尚意.四层一体:发掘传统乡村地方性的方法[J].旅游学刊, 2017,32(1):6-7.[Zhou Shangyi. Four layers in one:The method to explore the locality in traditional rural areas[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2017,32(1):6-7.]
[58] 吴必虎,宋治清.一种区域旅游形象分析的技术程序[J].经济地理, 2001,21(4):496- 499.[Wu Bihu, Song Zhiqing. A framework for analysis of regional tourism destination image[J]. Economic Geography, 2001,21(4):496-499.]
[59] 吴淑华.从地方要素探讨博物馆的发展与空间形成:以台湾大型科学类博物馆为例[J].科技博物,2005,9(3):81-94.[Wu Shuhua. On the development and space formation of museums from the perspective of local factors:A case study of large science museums in Taiwan[J]. National Science and Technology Museum, 2005,9(3):81-94.]
[60] Cohen E, Avieli N. Food in tourism:Attraction and impediment[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2004,31(4):755-778.
[61] Lena E, Elisabeth G. Cultural Heritage across borders?:Framing and challenging the Snapphane story in southern Sweden[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 2009,9(1):65-80.
[62] Berger P, Luckmann T. The Social Construction of Reality:A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge[M]. London:Penguin Group, 1991:149.
[63] MacCannell D. The Tourist:A New Theory of the Leisure Class[M]. New York:Schocken Books, 1976:44-45,67.
[64] Belk R W, Wallendorf M, Sherry J F. The sacred and the profane in consumer behavior:Theodicy on the Odyssey[J]. Journal of Consumer Research, 1989,16(1):1-38.
[65] 埃里克·霍布斯鲍姆,兰格.传统的发明[M].顾杭,庞冠群,译.南京:译林出版社,2004:35-36.[Hobsbam E. The Invention of Tradition[M]. Gu Hang, Pang Guanqun, trans. Nanjing:Yilin Press, 2004:35- 36.]
[66] Urry J, Larsen J. The Tourist Gaze 3.0[M]. London:Sage Publications Ltd, 2011:127.
[67] 葛绪锋,张晓萍.基于符号学理论的旅游文化景观的符号营销——以昆明市五华区为例[J].旅游研究,2013,5(3),39-42.[Ge Xufeng, Zhang Xiaoping. The symbolic marketing of tourism cultural landscape based on the theory of semiotics:Taking Wuhan district, Kunming as an example[J]. Tourism Research, 2013,5(3),39- 42.]
[68] Cohen E. Primitive and remote:Hill tribe trekking in Thailand[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 1989,16(1):30-61.
[69] Henderson J C. Representations of Islam in official tourism promotion[J]. Tourism Culture & Communication, 2008,8:135-145.
[70] Buck R C. The ubiquitous tourist brochure:Explorations in its intended and unintended use[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 1977, 4(4):195-207.
[71] Yüksel A, Akgül O. Postcards as affective image makers:An idle agent in destination marketing[J]. Tourism Management, 2007, 28(3):714-725.
[72] Wen H, Josiam B M, Spears D L, et al. Influence of movies and television on Chinese tourists perception toward international tourism destinations[J]. Tourism Management Perspectives, 2018,28:211-219.
[73] 唐顺英.当代不同利益主体在曲阜地方性重塑中的作用研究[J]. 曲阜师范大学学报(自然科学版),2019,45(4):109-116.[Tang Shunying. The role of different stakeholders in placeness rebuilding of Qufu in modern time[J]. Journal of Qufu Normal University(Natural Science), 2019,45(4):109-116.]
[74] Nieuwland S, Lavanga M. The consequences of being "the Capital of Cool". Creative entrepreneurs and the sustainable development of creative tourism in the urban context of Rotterdam[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2021,29(6):926-943.
[75] Pierce J, Martin D G, Murphy J T. Relational place-making:The networked politics of place[J]. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 2011,36(1),54-70.
[76] Zhang A Y. Thinking temporally when thinking relationally:Temporality in relational place-making[J]. Geoforum, 2018,90(MAR):91- 99.
[77] Ley D, Samuels M S. Humanistic Geography:Prospects and Problems[M]. Chicago:Maaroufa Press, 1978:138.
[78] 陈晓亮,朱竑.中国大陆社会与文化地理学研究领域综观[J].地理研究,2018,37(10):2024- 2038.[Chen Xiaoliang, Zhu Hong. The overview of research areas of Chinese mainland's social and cultural geography[J]. Geographical Research, 2018,37(10):2024-2038.]
[79] Speake J, Kennedy V. Changing aesthetics and the affluent elite in urban tourism place making[J/OL]. Tourism Geographies, 2019:1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2019.1674368.
[80] Becker E. Tour-guiding as a pious place-making practice:The case of the Sehitlik Mosque, Berlin[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2018,73:81-90.
[81] 马凌,王瑜娜.旅游目的地形象的社会文化建构:"文本与语境"的分析范式——以湖南凤凰古城为例[J].学术研究, 2013(3):65-71.[Ma Ling, Wang Yuna. The social and cultural construction of tourism destination image:An analytical paradigm of "text and context":A case study of Fenghuang ancient city in Hunan province[J]. Academic Research, 2013(3):65-71,159.]
[82] Chronis A. Tourists as story- builders:Narrative construction at a heritage museum[J]. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 2012, 29(5):444-459.
[83] Lombard M. Constructing ordinary places:Place-making in urban informal settlements in Mexico[J]. Progress in Planning, 2014,94(nov.):1-53.
[84] Granås B. Destinizing Finnmark:Place making through dogsledding[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2018,72:48-57.
[85] 庄春萍,张建新.地方认同:环境心理学视角下的分析[J].心理科学进展,2011,19(9):1387- 1396.[Zhuang Chunping, Zhang Jianxin. Place identity:Analysis from environmental psychology perspective[J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2011,19(9):1387-1396.]
[86] Soini K, Vaarala H, Pouta E. Residents' sense of place and landscape perceptions at the rural-urban interface[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2012,104(1):124-134.
[87] 周尚意.人文主义地理学家眼中的"地方"[J].旅游学刊,2013, 28(4):6-7.[Zhou Shangyi. "Place" in the eyes of humanist geographers[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2013,28(4):6-7.]
[88] Mazumdar S, Mazumdar S, Docuyanan F, et al. Creating a sense of place:The Vietanmese- Americans and little Saigon[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2000,20(4):319-333.
[89] Smith S J. Bounding the borders:Claiming space and making place in rural Scotland[J]. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 1993,18(3):291-308.
[90] 刘博,朱竑.由广府庙会案例管窥地方性研究议题[J].旅游学刊, 2013,28(3):7- 8.[Liu Bo, Zhu Hong. On locality research issues from the case of Guangfu Temple fair[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2013, 28(3):7-8.]
[91] 赵红梅,李庆雷.旅游情境下的景观"制造"与地方认同[J].广西民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2011,33(3):14-21.[Zhao Hongmei, Li Qinglei. The manufactured landscape and local identification in the context of tourism[J]. Journal of Guangxi University for Nationalities(Philosophy and Social Science Edition), 2011,33(3):14-20.]
[92] Dowling R. Geographies of identities:Landscapes of class[J]. Progress in Human Geography, 2009,33(6):883-839.
[93] 白凯,胡宪洋,吕洋洋,等.丽江古城慢活地方性的呈现与形成[J].地理学报, 2017,72(6):1104-1117.[Bai Kai, Hu Xianyang, Lv Yangyang, et al. Study on the identity with placeness of slow living in Lijiang[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017,72(6):1104-1117.]
[94] Tuan Y F. Segregated Worlds and Self:Group Life and Individual Consciousness[M]. Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press, 1982:175-177.
[95] 保继刚,邱继勤.旅游小企业与旅游地社会文化变迁:阳朔西街案例[J].人文地理,2006(2):1-4.[Bao Jigang, Qiu Jiqin. Small tourism business and social and cultural change:A case study of Xijie road of Yangshuo county[J]. Human Geography, 2006(2):1-4,54.]
[96] Chen F. Traditional architectural forms in market oriented Chinese cities:Place for localities or symbol of culture?[J]. Habitat International, 2011,35(2):410-418.
[97] 高权,钱俊希". 情感转向"视角下地方性重构研究——以广州猎德村为例[J].人文地理,2016,31(4):33-41.[Gao Quan, Qian Junxi. Negotiating place- restructuring from the perspective of emotional geographies:A case study of Liede village, Guangzhou[J]. Human Geography, 2016,31(4):33-41.]
[98] 孔翔,陈丹.城郊开发区建设对东道区域地方性消解的影响研究——以长沙经济技术开发区为例[J].人文地理,2016,31(4):26-32.[Kong Xiang, Chen Dan. The influence of suburban development zones on deconstruction of placeness of the host regions:A case of Changsha economic and technological development zone[J]. Human Geography, 2016,31(4):26-32.]
[99] Gursoy D. Rutherford D G. Host attitudes toward tourism:An improved structural model[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2004, 31(3):495-516.
[100] Gu H, Ryan C. Place attachment, identity and community impacts of tourism:The case of a Beijing Hutong[J]. Tourism Management, 2008:29(4):637-647.
[101] Walker A J, Ryan R L. Place attachment and landscape preservation in rural New England:A Maine case study[J]. Landscape and Urban Planing, 2008,86(2):141-152.
[102] 张中华,张沛,王兴中.地方理论应用社区研究的思考——以阳朔西街旅游社区为例[J]. 地理科学,2009,29(1):141- 146.[Zhang Zhonghua, Zhang Pei, Wang Xingzhong. Application of place theory on communities:A case study of the west street tourism community at Yangshuo[J]. Science Geographica Sinica, 2009,29(1):141- 146.]
[103] 胡宪洋,白凯.拉萨八廓街地方性的游客认同建构[J].地理学报, 2015,70(10):1632-1649.[Hu Xianyang, Bai Kai. The construction of tourists' placeness identity of Barkhor street in Lhasa[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015,70(10):1632-1649.]
[104] Kruse R J. The Beatles as place makers:Narrated landscapes in Liverpool, England[J]. Journal of Cultural Geography, 2005,22(2):87-114.
[105] Gibson C, Davidson D. Tamworth, Australia's country music capital':Place marketing, rurality, and resident reactions[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 2004,20(4):387-404.
[106] Carter P L. Looking for something real:Affective encounters[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2019,76:200-213.
[107] 海德格尔.存在与时间[M].陈嘉映,王庆节,译.台北:唐山出版社, 1989:20-55.[Heidegger M. Sein and Zeit[M]. Chen Jiaying, Wang Qingjie, trans. Taibei:Tangshan Publishing Limited, 1989:20-55.]
[108] Horton D, Rosen P, Cox P. Cycling and Society[M]. Burlington:Ashgate Publishing Company, 2007:25-42.
[109] Augé M. Non- places:Introduction to an Anthropology of Super Modernity[M]. London:Verso, 1995:77-79.
[110] Yuksel A, Yuksel F, Billim Y. Destination attachment:Effects on customer satisfaction and cognitive affective and conative loyalty[J]. Tourism Management, 2010,31(2):274-284.
[111] 钱树伟,苏勤,郑焕友.历史街区顾客地方依恋与购物满意度的关系——以苏州观前街为例[J].地理科学进展,2010,29(3):355-362.[Qian Shuwei, Su Qin, Zhen Huanyou. Relationship between place attachment of historic street and customer shopping satisfaction:A case study of Guanqian street[J]. Progress in Geography, 2010, 29(3):355-362.]
[112] Ramkissoon H, Smith G L D, Weiler B. Testing the dimensionality of place attachment and its relationships with place satisfaction and pro- environmental behaviors:A structural equation modeling approach[J]. Tourism Management, 2013,36:552-566.