旅游污名：研究进展及展望

黎耀奇; 邓巧巧

doi:10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2023.01.002

PDF(2795 KB)

人文地理 ›› 2023, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (1) : 11-19. DOI: 10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2023.01.002

进展与动态

旅游污名：研究进展及展望

黎耀奇, 邓巧巧

作者信息 +

TOURISM STIGMA: RESEARCH REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

LI Yao-qi, DENG Qiao-qiao

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

近年来，层出不穷的旅游乱象给整个旅游行业带来了极其负面的影响，使我国旅游行业遭受到了社会公众强加的污名。因此，如何避免旅游污名化现象的加剧以及如何对已被污名的旅游业进行去污名化，已成为我国旅游界亟待解决的课题。当前学术界关于旅游污名的重视远远不够，研究十分匮乏。本文对旅游污名研究进展进行了系统述评，将旅游污名划分为基于人地关系的旅游地方污名、基于群体关系的旅游者污名以及基于人际关系的旅游职业污名。在此基础上，指出应加强旅游污名的形成机制与综合治理研究、使用流动性方式开展旅游污名研究等方向。本文为理解及解决旅游污名问题提供可行的理论指导，对旅游研究及旅游发展均大有裨益。

Abstract

Due to the in-group favoritism and out-group devaluation of the social identity theory, the dominant group could improve their social status by discriminating against disadvantaged groups. Consequently, the phenomenon of stigmatization is inevitably. In recent years, the increasingly negative events about tourism industry have a severe negative impacts on the whole industry. Nowadays, tourism industry is facing a serious trust crisis and even stigmatized by the rest of society. The stigma of tourism occupation imposed by society leads the whole industry to less attractive due to the low self-esteem and lack of professional pride caused by the occupational stigma. Therefore, the coping strategies of avoiding the aggravation of tourism stigmatization and industry reputation repairing have become urgent issues to be solved in tourism industry, that is of great significance to the further development of tourism of China. However, there are almost no relevant studies in the academic field, and little attention has been paid to the stigma study in tourism occupation. In order to make up for the research gap, this paper will make a systematic literature review on the study progress of tourism stigma. According to a systematic literature review, the research finds that the way of destigmatization of tourism needs to be analyzed from the perspectives of geography, sociology, management, psychology, and other disciplines, due to both the tourism activities and stigmatization process are complex phenomenon related to many stakeholders. The current tourism stigma research can be divided into three types: Tourism spatial stigma based on man-land relationships, tourist stigma based on group relationships, and tourism occupational stigma based on interpersonal relationships. Among them, the tourism spatial stigma and tourist stigma have serious negative impacts on tourism behavior and will hamper the development of the destination. This study appeal that tourism scholars should strengthen the research on the formation process and comprehensive treatment of tourism stigma. The author hopes that this paper can arouse scholars' attention to the tourism stigma, and provide theoretical guidance for the practice of tourism industry.

导出引用

黎耀奇, 邓巧巧. 旅游污名：研究进展及展望[J]. 人文地理. 2023, 38(1): 11-19 https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2023.01.002

LI Yao-qi, DENG Qiao-qiao. TOURISM STIGMA: RESEARCH REVIEW AND PROSPECTS[J]. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2023, 38(1): 11-19 https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2023.01.002

中图分类号： K901

参考文献

[1] Ashforth B E, Male F. Social identity theory and the organization[J]. Academy of Management Review, 1989,14(1):20-39.
[2] Meisenbach R J. Stigma management communication:A theory and agenda for applied research on how individuals manage moments of stigmatized identity[J]. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 2010,38(3):268-292.
[3] 陈卓.当代新闻传播中污名化现象研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2018:66.[Chen Zhuo. A Study of Stigma in Contemporary News Communications[D]. Changchun:Jilin University, 2018:66.]
[4] Li Y, Liu B, Chen P, et al. Tourism service providers' physical attractiveness and customers' service quality evaluation:Is warmth or competence more important?[J]. Tourism Review, 2021,76(6):1260-1278.
[5] Neal M. Dirty customers:Stigma and identity among sex tourists[J]. Journal of Consumer Culture, 2018,18(1):131-148.
[6] Monterrubio C, Valencia L. Negotiating stigmatisation of deviant behaviour:An exploration of locals' perceptions of nude tourists[J]. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 2019,17(6):689-709.
[7] Ashforth B E, Kreiner G E. Dirty work and dirtier work:Differences in countering physical, social, and moral stigma[J]. Management and Organization Review, 2014,10(1):81-108.
[8] Schaubroeck M, Lam W, Lai Y, et al. Changing experiences of work dirtiness, occupational disidentification, and employee withdrawal[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2018,103(10):1086-1100.
[9] Wang K, Xu H, Huang L. Wellness tourism and spatial stigma:A case study of Bama, China[J]. Tourism Management, 2020,78:1-12.
[10] Hampel C E, Tracey P. How organizations move from stigma to legitimacy:The case of cook's travel agency in Victorian Britain[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2017,60(6):2175-2207.
[11] 张宝山,俞国良.污名现象及其心理效应[J].心理科学进展,2007, 15(6):993-1001.[Zhang Baoshan, Yu Guoliang. Stigma phenomenon and its psychological effects[J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2007,15(6):993-1001.]
[12] Goffman E. Stigma:Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity[M]. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall, 1963:1-10.
[13] Corrigan P. How stigma interferes with mental health care[J]. American Psychologist, 2004,59(7):614-625.
[14] Hughes E C. Good people and dirty work[J]. Social Problems, 1962, 10(1):3-11.
[15] Ashforth B E, Kreiner G E. "How can you do it?":Dirty work and the challenge of constructing a positive identity[J]. Academy of Management Review, 1999,24(3):413-434.
[16] Kurzban R, Leary M R. Evolutionary origins of stigmatization:The functions of social exclusion[J]. Psychological Bulletin, 2001,127(2):187-208.
[17] 郭金华. 污名研究:概念、理论和模型的演进[J].学海,2015(2):99-109.[Guo Jinhua. A study on stigma:The evolution of concepts, theories and models[J]. Academia Bimestrie, 2015(2):99-109.]
[18] Link B G, Phelan J C. Conceptualizing stigma[J]. Annual Review of Sociology, 2001,27(1):363-385.
[19] Ashforth B E, Kreiner G E, Clark M A, et al. Normalizing dirty work:Managerial tactics for countering occupational taint[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2007,50(1):149-174.
[20] Helms W S, Patterson K D W. Eliciting acceptance for "illicit"organizations:The positive implications of stigma for MMA organizations[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2014,57(5):1453-1484.
[21] Hughes E C. Work and the Self[M]. New York:Harper & Brothers, 1951:313-323.
[22] Simpson R, Slutskaya N, Lewis P, et al. Dirty Work:Concepts and Identities[M]. Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan, 2012:211-257.
[23] Baran B E, Rogelberg S G, Carello Lopina E, et al. Shouldering a silent burden:The toll of dirty tasks[J]. Human Relations, 2012,65(5):597-626.
[24] Pinel E C. Stigma consciousness:The psychological legacy of social stereotypes[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1999,76(1):114-128.
[25] Pinel E C, Paulin N. Stigma consciousness at work[J]. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 2005,27(4):345-352.
[26] Harms A N. The Dirty Work of Law Enforcement:Emotion, Secondary Traumatic Stress, and Burnout in Federal Officers Exposed to Disturbing Media[M]. Mankato:Minnesota State University, 2011:95-132.
[27] Kolar D. Why Dirty Workers Stay? Social and Societal Forces that Increase An Employee's Intention to Stay[D]. London:King's College London (University of London), 2014.
[28] 张燕,李贵卿. "肮脏"工作:概念、测量以及对从业者的影响[J].外国经济与管理,2017,39(10):86-101.[Zhang Yan, Li Guiqing. Dirty work:Conceptualization, measurement and the impact on dirty work practitioners[J]. Foreign Economics & Management, 2017,39(10):86-101.]
[29] 厉杰,吴粮牡.歹马害群:高声望职业污名形成机制研究[J].中国人力资源开发, 2019, 36(7):54-66.[Li Jie, Wu Liangmu. Black sheep:A theoretical research on the emergence of high-prestige-occupational stigma[J]. Human Resources Development of China, 2019, 36(7):54-66.]
[30] Wildes V J. Attracting and retaining food servers:How internal service quality moderates occupational stigma[J]. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2005,26(1):4-19.
[31] Vergne J P. Stigmatized categories and public disapproval of organizations:A mixed-methods study of the global arms industry, 1996-2007[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2012,55(5):1027-1052.
[32] Tracey P, Phillips N. Managing the consequences of organizational stigmatization:Identity work in a social enterprise[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2016,59(3):740-765.
[33] Miller C T, Kaiser C R. A theoretical perspective on coping with stigma[J]. Journal of Social Issues, 2001,57(1):73-92.
[34] Reinmoeller P, Ansari S. The persistence of a stigmatized practice:A study of competitive intelligence[J]. British Journal of Management, 2016,27(1):116-142.
[35] 杨柳,刘力,吴海铮.污名应对策略的研究现状与展望[J].心理科学进展,2010,18(5):819-830.[Yang Liu, Liu Li, Wu Haizheng. Strategies of coping with stigma:A critical review[J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2010,18(5):819-830.]
[36] Carberry E J, King B G. Defensive practice adoption in the face of organizational stigma:Impression management and the diffusion of stock option expensing[J]. Journal of Management Studies, 2012, 49(7):1137-1167.
[37] Link B G, Phelan J C. Conceptualizing stigma[J]. Annual Review of Sociology, 2001,27(1):363-385.
[38] 尹铎,蔡慕言,梁金多,等.广州城市流浪乞讨者的空间管治与日常生活实践[J].地理科学,2019,39(3):450-458.[Yin Duo, Cai Muyan, Liang Jinduo, et al. The everyday life practice and space control of homeless in Guangzhou[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2019, 39(3):450-458.]
[39] Kurzban R, Leary M R. Evolutionary origins of stigmatization:The functions of social exclusion[J]. Psychological Bulletin, 2001,127(2):187-208.
[40] Cook I, Crang P. The world on a plate:Culinary culture, displacement and geographical knowledges[J]. Journal of Material Culture, 1996,1(2):131-153.
[41] Wacquant L. Territorial stigmatization in the age of advanced marginality[J]. Thesis Eleven, 2007,91(1):66-77.
[42] 黎耀奇,宋亚亚,梁斯琪,等.导游职业污名的形成机制——基于扎根理论的探索性研究[J]. 旅游学刊,2022,37(4):79-92.[Li Yaoqi, Song Yaya, Liang Siqi, et al. Forming mechanism of occupational stigma of tour guides:An exploratory research based on grounded theory[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2022,37(4):79-92.]
[43] 黎耀奇,翁钰宁,潘敏敏,等.基于资源保存理论的旅游职业污名影响研究[J]. 旅游学刊,2021,36(5):93-104.[Li Yaoqi, Weng Yuning, Pan Minmin, et al. Perceived occupational stigma and turnover intention of tourism practitioners:A conservation of resources perspective[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2021,36(5):93-104.]
[44] 孟威.旅游非正规就业者污名化研究[J].旅游学刊,2020,35(6):66-77.[Meng Wei. Stigmatization of informal tourism employees[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2020,35(6):66-77.]
[45] Li Y, Liu B, Zhang R, et al. News information and tour guide occupational stigma:Insights from the stereotype content model[J]. Tourism Management Perspectives, 2020,35:1-12.
[46] Oppermann M. Sex tourism[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 1999, 26(2):251-266.
[47] Moufakkir O. The stigmatized tourist[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2015,53:17-30.
[48] AlSaleh D, Moufakkir O. An exploratory study of the experience of VFR tourists:A culture shock perspective[J]. Tourism Geographies, 2019,21(4):565-585.
[49] Moufakkir O. Experience of Arab/Muslim women visiting relatives in the West and the management of stigma by association[J]. Tourism Management, 2020,78:1-9.
[50] He M, Liu B, Li Y. Redemption of travelers' spoiled identity in a time of health crisis:The role of empathy and social distance[J]. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 2021,47:262-272.
[51] King K E. Chicago residents' perceptions of air quality:Objective pollution, the built environment, and neighborhood stigma theory[J]. Population & Environment, 2015,37(1):1-21.
[52] Rugh J S, Massey D S. Racial segregation and the American foreclosure crisis[J]. American Sociological Review, 2010,75(5):629-651.
[53] Sampson R J. Disparity and diversity in the contemporary city:Social (dis) order revisited[J]. The British Journal of Sociology, 2009, 60(1):1-31.
[54] Pearce J. The 'blemish of place':Stigma, geography and health inequalities. A commentary on Tabuchi, Fukuhara & Iso[J]. Social Science and Medicine, 2012,75(11):1921-1924.
[55] Keene D E, Padilla M B. Spatial stigma and health inequality[J]. Critical Public Health, 2014,24(4):392-404.
[56] Besbris M, Faber J W, Rich P, et al. The geography of stigma:Experimental methods to identify the penalty of place[M]//Gaddis S. (eds). Audit Studies:Behind the Scenes with Theory, Method, and Nuance. Methodos Series, vol 14. Cham, Switzerland:Springer, Cham, 2018:159-177.
[57] Kelaher M, Warr D J, Feldman P, et al. Living in 'Birdsville':Exploring the impact of neighbourhood stigma on health[J]. Health & Place, 2010,16(2):381-388.
[58] Fiske S T. Intent and ordinary bias:Unintended thought and social motivation create casual prejudice[J]. Social Justice Research, 2004, 17(2):117-127.
[59] Fiske S T, Cuddy A J, Glick P, et al. A model of (often mixed) stereotype content:Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2002,82(6):878-902.
[60] Fiske S T. Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination[M]//Gilbert D T, Fiske S T, Lindzey G (Eds.). The Handbook of Social Psychology (4th ed., Vol. 1). New York:McGraw-Hill, 1998:357-411.
[61] Cuddy A J, Fiske S T, Kwan V S, et al. Stereotype content model across cultures:Towards universal similarities and some differences[J]. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 2009,48(1):1-33.
[62] 穆雪茗,白长虹,吴波,等.目的地国家形象与旅游产品类别的匹配效应——基于刻板印象内容模型的实证研究[J].旅游学刊,2017, 32(6):64-74.[Mu Xueming, Bai Changhong, Wu Bo, et al. The matching effect of destination country image and tourism product type:An empirical study based on the stereotype content model[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2017,32(6):64-74.]
[63] Durante F, Tablante C B, Fiske S T. Poor but warm, rich but cold (and competent):Social classes in the stereotype content model[J]. Journal of Social Issues, 2017,73(1):138-157.
[64] Leach C W, Ellemers N, Barreto M. Group virtue:The importance of morality (vs. competence and sociability) in the positive evaluation of in-groups[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2007,93(2):234-249.
[65] 程婕婷,张斌,汪新建.道德:刻板印象内容的新维度[J].心理学探新,2015,35(5):442-447.[Cheng Jieting, Zhang Bin, Wang Xinjian. Morality:A new dimension of stereotype content[J]. Psychological Exploration, 2015,35(5):442-447.]
[66] Cuddy, A J, Fiske, S T, Glick, P. The BIAS map:Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2007,92(4):631-648.
[67] Boysen G A. Exploring the relation between masculinity and mental illness stigma using the stereotype content model and BIAS map[J]. The Journal of Social Psychology, 2017,157(1):98-113.
[68] Jacoby-Senghor D S, Sinclair S, Smith C T. When bias binds:Effect of implicit outgroup bias on ingroup affiliation[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2015,109(3):415-433.
[69] 孙九霞,周尚意,王宁,等.跨学科聚焦的新领域:流动的时间、空间与社会[J]. 地理研究,2016,35(10):1801-1818.[Sun Jiuxia, Zhou Shangyi, Wang Ning, et al. Mobility in geographical research:Time, space and society[J]. Geographical Research, 2016,35(10):1801-1818.]
[70] 陈永林,谢炳庚,张爱明,等.不同尺度下交通对空间流动性的影响[J]. 地理学报,2018,73(6):1162-1172.[Chen Yonglin, Xie Binggeng, Zhang Aiming, et al. The impact of traffic on spatial mobility at different scales[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018,73(6):1162-1172.]
[71] 张兴泰,陈志钢,张骁鸣,等.流动与想象:西藏地方意义的多元互构研究[J].地理研究,2021,40(8):2292-2313.[Zhang Xingtai, Chen Zhigang, Zhang Xiaoming, et al. Liquidity and imagination:A study of multiple mutual-construction of Tibetan place meaning[J]. Geographical Research, 2021,40(8):2292-2313.]
[72] Seamon D. Place Attachment and Phenomenology:The Dynamic Complexity of Place[M]. New York:Routledge, 2020:29-44.
[73] 胡宪洋,白凯,花菲菲,等.西安曲江新区移民群体的地方意义建构与检验[J]. 地理学报, 2020,75(8):1773-1789.[Hu Xianyang, Bai Kai, Hua Feifei, et al. The construction and examination of migrants' place meaning in Xi'an Qujiang New District[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020,75(8):1773-1789.]