Abstract:Gentrification has emerged as a significant theoretical and practical concern in global urban and rural development. In the context of China's urban renewal, urban sprawl, and rural revitalization, gentrification has become prevalent across various territorial types, leading to diverse social-spatial outcomes. Grounded in the theories of urban-rural spatial structure and uneven development, this paper develops an analytical framework for empirical research on gentrification within China. Through statistical analysis and geographic visualization techniques, this study systematically reviews existing empirical research on gentrification in China, revealing that metropolises serve as focal regions for gentrification studies. Increasing attention is being directed toward metropolitan fringes and hinterland areas. The majority of researchers adopt either a critical or relatively neutral stance regarding gentrification in China. Gentrification exhibits variations across different regional types. In inner cities, it primarily manifests through phenomena such as commercial gentrification and education-led gentrification. In urban fringe areas, gentrification often takes the form of new-build gentrification and green gentrification. Rural gentrification and tourism gentrification are observed in hinterland rural areas. The experiences of gentrification across various regions are linked to the occurrence pathways and internal logics, reflecting profound transformations in China's complex rural-urban relationship. Future research should delve deeper into population flows during gentrification processes, the comprehensive evolutionary history of gentrified communities, and the institutional characteristics underlying gentrification.
张清源. 地域类型视角下中国绅士化研究:特征、经验与展望[J]. 人文地理, 2025, 40(4): 24-35.
ZHANG Qing-yuan. A REVIEW OF EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON GENTRIFICATION IN CHINA FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF TERRITORIAL TYPES: CHARACTERISTICS, EXPERIENCES AND PROSPECTS. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, 2025, 40(4): 24-35.
Glass R. London:Aspects of Change[M]. London:MacGibbon & Kee, 1964:xviii.
[2]
Lees L, Slater T, Wyly E. Gentrification[M]. London:Routledge, 2007:9-10.
[3]
Gregory D, Johnson R, Pratt G, et al. The Dictionary of Human Geography[M]. Oxford:Wiley-Blackwell, 2009:273-274.
[4]
Lees L, Shin H B, López-Morales E. Planetary Gentrification[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press, 2016:1-23.
[5]
张清源,叶超. 星球绅士化理论前沿及其对中国城乡治理的启示[J]. 地理研究,2022,41(6):1778-1795.[Zhang Qingyuan, Ye Chao. The forefront of planetary gentrification theory and its enlightenment to Chinese rural-urban governance[J]. Geographical Research, 2022,41(6):1778-1795.]
[6]
Lees L. The geography of gentrification:thinking through comparative urbanism[J]. Progress in Human Geography, 2012, 36(2):155-171.
[7]
Atkinson R, Bridge G. Gentrification in a Global Context:The New Urban Colonialism[M]. London:Routledge, 2005:1-17.
[8]
Waley P. Speaking gentrification in the languages of the Global East[J]. Urban Studies, 2016,53(3):615-625.
[9]
Wu F. Scripting Indian and Chinese urban spatial transformation:Adding new narratives to gentrification and suburbanisation research[J]. Politics and Space C, 2020,38(6):980-997.
[10]
Mondal L. The political economy of land expropriation in urban Bangladesh[J]. Urban Studies, 2023,60(5):904-922.
[11]
Davis D. Urban Leviathan:Mexico City in the Twentieth Century[M]. Philadelphia:Temple University Press, 1994:174-218.
[12]
Pribadi D O, Pauleit S. The dynamics of peri-urban agriculture during rapid urbanization of Jabodetabek metropolitan area[J]. Land Use Policy, 2015,48:13-24.
[13]
Short J R, Martínez L. The urban effects of the emerging middle class in the global south[J]. Geography Compass, 2020,14(4):e12484. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12484.
[14]
Novy J, Colomb C. Struggling for the right to the (creative) city in Berlin and Hamburg:New urban social movements, new "spaces of hope"?[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2013,37(5):1816-1838.
[15]
Nelson L, Trautman L, Nelson P. Latino immigrants and rural gentrification:Race, "illegality", and precarious labor regimes in the United States[J]. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2015,105(4):841-858.
[16]
Shin H B, Kim S-H. The developmental state, speculative urbanization and the politics of displacement in gentrifying Seoul[J]. Urban Studies, 2015,53(3):540-559.
[17]
Stabrowski F. New-build gentrification and the everyday displacement of Polish immigrant tenants in Greenpoint, Brooklyn[J]. Antipode, 2014,46(3):794-815.
[18]
López-Morales E. Real estate market, state-entrepreneurialism, and urban policy in the 'gentrification by ground rent dispossession' of Santiago de Chile[J]. Journal of Latin American Geography, 2010, 9(1):145-173.
[19]
Hsing Y. The Great Urban Transformation:Politics of Land and Property in China[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2012:155-180.
[20]
Wu F, Zhang F. Rethinking China's urban governance:The role of the state in neighbourhoods, cities and regions[J]. Progress in Human Geography, 2022,46(3):775-797.
[21]
Harvey D. From managerialism to entrepreneurialism:The transformation in urban governance in late capitalism[J]. Geografiska Annaler:Series B, Human Geography, 1989,71(1):3-17.
[22]
Brenner N. Urban governance and the production of new state spaces in Western Europe, 1960-2000[J]. Review of International Political Economy, 2004,11(3):447-488.
[23]
Brenner N. Globalisation as reterritorialisation:The re-scaling of urban governance in the European Union[J]. Urban Studies, 1999, 36(3):431-451.
[24]
Hamnett C. Is Chinese urbanisation unique?[J]. Urban Studies, 2020,57(3):690-700.
[25]
宋伟轩,孙洁,陈艳如,等.南京内城商业绅士化发育特征研究[J].地理学报,2020,75(2):426-442.[Song Weixuan, Sun Jie, Chen Yanru, et al. Commercial gentrification in the inner city of Nanjing, China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020,75(2):426-442.]
[26]
刘春卉,谷跃,刘予,等.城市影子教育机构的空间分异与教育资源领域化:以南京为例[J].经济地理,2021,41(5):155-164.[Liu Chunhui, Gu Yue, Liu Yu, et al. The spatial differentiation of urban shadow educational institutions and the territorialization of educational resources:A case study of Nanjing, China[J]. Economic Geography, 2021,41(5):155-164.]
[27]
He S. New-build gentrification in central Shanghai:Demographic changes and socioeconomic implications[J]. Population Space and Place, 2010,16(5):345-361.
[28]
何深静,钱俊希,徐雨璇,等.快速城市化背景下乡村绅士化的时空演变特征[J].地理学报,2012,67(8):1044-1056.[He Shenjing, Qian Junxi, Xu Yuxuan, et al. Spatial-temporal evolution of rural gentrification amidst rapid urbanization:A case study of Xiaozhou village, Guangzhou[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012,67(8):1044-1056.]
[29]
Zhang Q, Lu L, Huang J, et al. Uneven development and tourism gentrification in the metropolitan fringe:A case study of Wuzhen Xizha in Zhejiang province, China[J]. Cities, 2022, 121:103476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103476.
[30]
Wu F. State dominance in urban redevelopment:Beyond gentrification in Urban China[J]. Urban Affairs Review, 2015,52(5):631-658.
[31]
He S. Three waves of state-led gentrification in China[J]. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 2019,110(1):26-34.
[32]
黄幸,刘玉亭.中国绅士化研究的本土实践:特征、议题与展望[J]. 人文地理,2021,36(3):5-14.[Huang Xing, Liu Yuting. A review of empirical research on gentrification in contemporary China:Characteristics, topics and prospects[J]. Human Geography, 2021,36(3):5-14.]
[33]
Liu C, Deng Y, Song W, et al. Rethinking the geography of gentrification:From a scale perspective[J]. Geoforum, 2021,118:23-29.
[34]
陆林,花玉莲,陈劼绮.地域类型视角下中国旅游学的知识体系构建[J]. 旅游学刊,2024,39(9):15-30.[Lu Lin, Hua Yulian, Chen Jieqi. Constructing a knowledge system for Chinese tourism science from the perspective of regional types[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2024, 39(9):15-30.]
[35]
汤茂林,黄展. Empirical Research到底是实证研究还是经验研究? 兼论学术研究的分类[J].地理研究,2020,39(12):2855-2860.[Tang Maolin, Huang Zhan. Can empirical research be translated into Chinese Shizheng Yanjiu? With a classification of academic research[J]. Geographical Research, 2020,39(12):2855-2860.]
[36]
Friedmann J, Miller J. The urban field[J]. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 1965,31(4):312-320.
[37]
Pahl R. The rural-urban continuum[J]. Sociologia Ruralis, 1966:1(6):299-327.
[38]
Russwurm LH. Urban fringe and urban shadow[M]//Krueger R R, Bryfole R C. (eds.) Urban Problem:A Canadian Reader[C]. Toronto:Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1975:151.
[39]
Merrifield A. The urban question under planetary urbanization[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2013,37(3):909-922.
[40]
Brenner N. Urban theory without an outside[M]//Brenner N. Implosions/Explosions:Towards a Study of Planetary Urbanization[M]. Berlin:JOVIS Verlag, 2014:14-35.
[41]
Schmid C. Journeys through planetary urbanization:Decentering perspectives on the urban[J]. Environment and Planning D:Society and Space, 2018,36(3):591-610.
[42]
Schmid C, Karaman O, Hanakate N, et al. Towards a new vocabulary of urbanisation processes:A comparative approach[J]. Urban Studies, 2017,55(1):19-52.
[43]
Smith N. Gentrification and capital:Theory, practice and ideology in Society Hill[J]. Antipode, 1979,11(3):24-35.
[44]
Simon D. Urban environments:Issues on the peri-urban fringe[J]. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 2008:33(1):167-185.
[45]
Gould K A, Lewis T L. Green Gentrification:Urban Sustainability and the Struggle for Environmental Justice[M]. New York:Routledge, 2016:23-41.
[46]
Smith K M, Egedy T, Csizmady A, et al. Non-planning and tourism consumption in Budapest's inner city[J]. Tourism Geographies, 2017,19(11):1-25.
[47]
Mamonova N, Sutherland L-A. Rural gentrification in Russia:Renegotiating identity, alternative food production and social tensions in the countryside[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 2015,42:154-165.
[48]
Marx K. Grundrisse:Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy[M]. Nicolaus M, trans. London:Penguin Classics, 1993:276,479.
[49]
Lefebvre H. Maxist Thought and the City[M]. Bomonno R, trans. Minnesota:University of Minnesota Press, 2016:109-143.
[50]
Harvey D. The New Imperialism[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2003:137-182.
[51]
Smith N. Uneven Development:Nature, Capital and the Production of Space (3rd ed.)[M]. London:The University of Georgia Press, 2008:175-205.
[52]
Smith N. Toward a theory of gentrification:A back to the city movement by capital, not people[J]. Journal of the American Planners Association, 1979,45(4):538-548.
[53]
Smith N. Gentrification and uneven development[J]. Economic Geography, 1982,58(2):139-155.
[54]
Wu F. Creating Chinese Urbanism:Urban Revolution and Governance Changes[M]. London:University College London Press, 2022:1-21.
[55]
Oi J. Rural China Takes Off:Institutional Foundations of Economic Reform[M]. Berkeley:University of California Press, 1999:1-16.
[56]
Berger J. "There is tragedy on both sides of the layoffs:" Privatization and the urban crisis in Baltimore[J]. International Labor and Working-Class History, 2007,71:29-49.
[57]
Sorensen A. Land readjustment, urban planning and urban sprawl in the Tokyo metropolitan area[J]. Urban Studies, 1999,36(13):2333-2360.
[58]
Gant L R, Robinson M G, Fazal S. Land-use change in the 'edgelands':Policies and pressures in London's rural-urban fringe[J]. Land Use Policy, 2011,28:266-279.
[59]
Smith N. The New Urban Frontier:Gentrification and the Revanchist City[M]. London:Routledge, 1996:33.
[60]
储德平,黄成昆.旅游发展背景下乡村自我绅士化的过程与机制:以陕西袁家村为例[J].地理研究,2023,42(7):1856-1873.[Chu Deping, Huang Chengkun. The process and mechanism of rural selfgentrification amidst tourism development:A case study of Yuanjia village, Shaanxi province, China[J]. Geographical Research, 2023, 42(7):1856-1873.]
[61]
Butler T. For gentrification[J]. Environment and Planning A, 2007, 39(1):162-181.
[62]
赵玉宗,寇敏,卢松,等.城市旅游绅士化特征及其影响因素:以南京"总统府"周边地区为例[J]. 经济地理,2009,29(8):1391-1396.[Zhao Yuzong, Kou Min, Lu Song, et al. The characteristics and causes of urban tourism gentrification:A case of study in Nanjing[J]. Economic Geography, 2009,29(8):1391-1396.]
[63]
杨雪珂,徐红罡.艺术家影响下乡村绅士化与旅游发展的相互作用:以成都明月村为例[J].旅游学刊,2023,38(4):15-25.[Yang Xueke, Xu Honggang. The interplay of tourism and rural gentrification influenced by artists:A case study of Mingyue village, Chengdu[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2023,38(4):15-25.]
[64]
黄子乐,黄诗雨,李源,等.从艺术家介入到艺术介入:上下苑村生活空间的绅士化演变研究[J]. 小城镇建设, 2024, 42(9):82-90.[Huang Zile, Huang Shiyu, Li Yuan, et al. From artist intervention to art intervention:A study on the gentrification evolution of rural living space in Shangxiayuan village[J]. Development of Small Cities & Towns, 2024,42(9):82-90.]
[65]
王波,何寿奎.滨水空间复兴背景下城市江河溢价的时空效应研究[J]. 现代城市研究,2023,38(10):85-90.[Wang Bo, He Shoukui. Study on temporal and spatial effects of urban river under the revival of waterfront space[J]. Morden Urban Research, 2023,38(10):85-90.]
[66]
林家惠,曾国军.城市更新背景下绿色绅士化的效应与机制研究:以城市农业公园的绿化实践为例[J]. 地理科学进展,2023,42(5):914-926.[Lin Jiahui, Zeng Guojun. Effects and mechanisms of green gentrification in the context of urban renewal:Taking the greening practices of urban agricultural parks as an example[J]. Progress in Geography, 2023,42(5):914-926.]
[67]
Wang S W. Commercial gentri fi cation and entrepreneurial governance in shanghai:A case study of Taikang Road creative cluster[J]. Urban Policy and Research, 2011,29(4):363-380.
[68]
Liu R, Wong T. Urban village redevelopment in Beijing:The statedominated formalization of informal housing[J]. Cities, 2018,72:160-172.
[69]
Huang S, Liu Y, Huang X, et al. Exploring the institutional factors in mitigating rural gentrification-led displacement:The case of Xiaozhou village in Guangzhou, China[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 2024,112:103441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103441.
[70]
朱喜钢,周强,金俭.城市绅士化与城市更新:以南京为例[J]. 城市发展研究,2004,11(4):33-37.[Zhu Xigang, Zhou Qiang, Jin Jian. The gentrification and urban renew:In case of Nanjing[J]. Urban Studies, 2004,11(4):33-37.]
[71]
He S. State-sponsored gentri fi cation under market transition the case of Shanghai[J]. Urban Affairs Review, 2007,43(2):171-198.
[72]
He S. Two waves of gentri fi cation and emerging rights issues in Guangzhou, China[J]. Environment and Planning A:Economy and Space, 2012,44:2817-2833.
[73]
Yu S. Courtyard in conflict:the transformation of Beijing's Siheyuan during revolution and gentrification[J]. The Journal of Architecture, 2017,22(8):1337-1365.
[74]
卢亚昆. 基于绅士化视角的东北老工业基地改造与转型研究[D]. 长春:东北师范大学, 2019.[Lu Yakun. The Study on the Transformation of Old Industrial Base in Northeast China from the Perspective of Gentrification[D]. Changchun:Northeast Normal University, 2019.]
[75]
Yang Q, Ley D. Residential relocation and the remaking of socialist workers through state-facilitated urban redevelopment in Chengdu, China[J]. Urban Studies, 2019,56(12):2480-2498.
[76]
Shin H B. Urban conservation and revalorisation of dilapidated historic quarters:The case of Nanluoguxiang in Beijing[J]. Cities, 2010,27(1):S43-S54.
[77]
Qian J, He S, Liu L. Aestheticisation, rent-seeking, and rural gentrifi cation amidst China's rapid urbanisation:The case of Xiaozhou village, Guangzhou[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 2013,32:331-345.
[78]
Martínez P. From verifiable authenticity to verisimilar interventions:Xintiandi, Fuxing SOHO, and the alternatives to built heritage conservation in Shanghai[J]. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 2019,25(10):1055-1072.
[79]
Huang X. Expanding frontiers of commercial gentri fi cation:Rent gap and sequential gentrifi cation in Taikoo Li of Chengdu, China[J]. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 2024, 115(1):81-95.
[80]
Wu Q, Zhang X, Waley P. Jiaoyufication:When gentrification goes to school in the Chinese inner city[J]. Urban Studies, 2015,53(16):3510-3526.
[81]
Song W, Cao H, Tu T, et al. Jiaoyufication as an education-driven gentrification in urban China:A case study of Nanjing[J]. Journal of Geographical Science, 2023,33(5):1095-1112.
[82]
Wang M, Zhang F, Wu F. "Micro-regeneration":Toward smallscale, heritage-oriented, and participatory redevelopment in China[J]. Journal of Urban Affairs, 2024,46(10):1953-1970.
[83]
Liu C, Song W, Zhang Y. Is china making the rent gap theory untrue? Lessons from Nanjing[J]. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 2024,115(1):96-111.
[84]
Wu F, Phelps N. (Post)suburban development and state entrepreneurialism in Beijing's outer suburbs[J]. Environment and Planning A:Economy and Space, 2011,43(2):410-430.
[85]
Tian L, Ge B, Li Y. Impacts of state-led and bottom-up urbanization on land use change in the peri-urban areas of Shanghai:Planned growth or uncontrolled sprawl?[J]. Cities, 2017,60:476-486.
[86]
Mayhew S. Oxford Dictionary of Geography (6th edition)[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2023:242.
[87]
刘钊静.学生化视角下大学与社区的互动研究:以上海市吴泾镇为例[D].上海:华东师范大学,2020.[Liu Zhaojing. Interactive Research on University and Community from the Perspective of Studentification:A Case Study of Wujing Town, Shanghai[D]. Shanghai:East China Normal Unoversity, 2020.]
[88]
刘昱杉. 大学城周边社区"学生化"空间的形成、特征及响应:以南京市大学城为例[D]. 南京:东南大学,2022.[Liu Yushan. Formation, Characteristics and Response of "Studentification" Space in Surrounding Community of University Town:Take Nanjing University Town as an Example[D]. Nanjing:Southeast University, 2022.]
[89]
Zhu Y, Fu Q, Ye C. State-embedded gentrification in China[J]. Cities, 2022,131:103296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103926.