本文以城市防灾空间的关键要素-紧急避难场所为切入点,通过NDVI指数法从遥感图像中解译出适合作为紧急避难场所的绿地。同时,结合人口统计数据,利用GIS空间分析,对北京市城六区紧急避难场所的服务距离、覆盖率、人均避难面积等关键参数进行了测算。此外,研究在望京地区,通过实地调查以及问卷调查等方式,深入研究了影响居民避难行为的关键因素。结果表明:避难者的性别,年龄,避难的宣传教育,及避难标识系统等对避难者的成功避难起到了关键作用。据此,研究提出提升紧急避难场所服务水平的规划建议。

Emergency shelters can provide effective protection for lives and properties of people when disasters happen. This paper analyzed the distribution and service quality of emergency shelters in the six central districts in Beijing and provided probable suggestions to improve the service quality. Firstly, to obtain accurate data on potential space for emergency shelters, NDVI index was used to interpret green space from remote sensing data. Secondly, in order to evaluate the service quality of emergency shelters, two indexes were used. One is service coverage rate, and the other is service area per capita. Taking night population distribution and the effective service ratio of the emergency shelters, the per capita space was calculated in each district and Jiedao, demonstrating that 50 jiedaos do not meet the official requirement of 1 m² for one person. These provide insights for improving the efficiency of emergency management. In practice, vacant land are highly limited in large metropolitan areas such as Beijing, so it is more reasonable to make full use of the current emergency shelters than providing many new ones. Accordingly, several suggestions are proposed: ① raising the effective service ratio of emergency shelters should be emphasized, e.g., by keeping more open green space from constructions and water landscapes, especially in the very central part of the city; ② it would be useful to ensure the opening of public or private spaces such as school playground and squares for emergency use when disasters happened; ③ it is highly valuable to improve the emergency road signs and enhance trainings against disasters.