|
|
|
| ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN CHINESE CITIES:SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION AND INFLUENCING FACTORS |
| ZHU Pan1,2, SUN Bin-dong1,2 |
1. Center for Modern Chinese City Studies, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China;
2. School of Urban and Regional Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China |
|
|
|
|
Abstract This article aims to analyze the spatial distribution and variation trend of entrepreneurship in China with spatial data analysis methods, such as trend surface analysis, Global Moran's I, LISA, gravity centers curve and the thematic map series. To explain the spatial variation of entrepreneurship, we adopt spatial econometric model to explore the influencing factors. There are four main findings. First, the overall entrepreneurship gets promoted with expanding regional differences. The results of trend surface analysis show the features of high to low from the east to west, an inverted U in south-north direction. Second, the calculate result of Moran's I shows that entrepreneurship has a growing global spatial autocorrelation characteristic. Third, the gravity centers curve of change magnitude extends in the east-west direction, which means that growth is increasing eastward while reduction is aggravating westward. Fourth, the regression results demonstrate that the proportion of male and people aged below 29, the average educational level, the size of government and proportion of state-owned enterprises have significantly negative impact on entrepreneurship; while Internet facilities, diversity, location close to the coastline and the scarcity of natural resources can enormously promote entrepreneurship.
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [1] |
Audretsch D, Keilbach M. Entrepreneurship capital and economic performance[J]. Regional studies, 2004,38(8):949-959.
|
| [27] |
陈刚.管制与创业——来自中国的微观证据[J].管理世界,2015(5):89-99.[Chen Gang. The regulation and the entrepreneurship:The micro evidence from China[J]. Management World, 2015(5):89-99.]
|
| [1] |
Audretsch D, Keilbach M. Entrepreneurship capital and economic performance[J]. Regional studies, 2004,38(8):949-959.
|
| [2] |
李宏彬,李杏,姚先国,等.企业家的创业与创新精神对中国经济增长的影响[J].经济研究,2009(10):99-108.[Li Hongbin, Li Xing, Yao Xianguo, et al. Examining the impact of business entrepreneurship and innovation entrepreneurship on economic growth in China[J]. Economic Research Journal, 2009(10):99-108.]
|
| [28] |
阮荣平,郑风田,刘力.信仰的力量:宗教有利于创业吗?[J].经济研究,2014(3):171-184.[Ruan Rongping, Zheng Fengtian, Liu Li. The power of religious believing:Does religion influence entrepreneurship?[J]. Economic Research Journal, 2014(3):171-184.]
|
| [2] |
李宏彬,李杏,姚先国,等.企业家的创业与创新精神对中国经济增长的影响[J].经济研究,2009(10):99-108.[Li Hongbin, Li Xing, Yao Xianguo, et al. Examining the impact of business entrepreneurship and innovation entrepreneurship on economic growth in China[J]. Economic Research Journal, 2009(10):99-108.]
|
| [3] |
Glaeser E L, Kerr S P, Kerr W R. Entrepreneurship and urban growth:An empirical assessment with historical mines[J]. Review of Economics and Statistics, 2015,97(2):498-520.
|
| [29] |
Andersson M, Koster S. Sources of persistence in regional start-up rates:Evidence from Sweden[J]. Journal of Economic Geography, 2011,11(1):179-201.
|
| [3] |
Glaeser E L, Kerr S P, Kerr W R. Entrepreneurship and urban growth:An empirical assessment with historical mines[J]. Review of Economics and Statistics, 2015,97(2):498-520.
|
| [4] |
Hébert R F, Link A N. In search of the meaning of entrepreneurship[J]. Small Business Economics, 1989,1(1):39-49.
|
| [30] |
Fritsch M, Wyrwich M. The long persistence of regional levels of entrepreneurship:Germany, 1925-2005[J]. Regional Studies, 2014,48(6):955-973.
|
| [4] |
Hébert R F, Link A N. In search of the meaning of entrepreneurship[J]. Small Business Economics, 1989,1(1):39-49.
|
| [5] |
叶勤.企业家精神的兴起对美国经济增长的促进作用及其启示[J]. 外国经济与管理,2000,25(10):16-20.[Ye Qin. The role of entrepreneurship in promoting economic growth in the United States and its implications[J]. Foreign Economies & Management, 2000,25(10):16-20.]
|
| [31] |
潘竟虎.中国地级及以上城市GDP含金量时空分异格局[J].地理科学,2015,35(12):1502-1510.[Pan Jinghu. Spatiotemporal pattern of gold content of GDP at prefecture level or cities above in China[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015,35(12):1502-1510.]
|
| [5] |
叶勤.企业家精神的兴起对美国经济增长的促进作用及其启示[J]. 外国经济与管理,2000,25(10):16-20.[Ye Qin. The role of entrepreneurship in promoting economic growth in the United States and its implications[J]. Foreign Economies & Management, 2000,25(10):16-20.]
|
| [6] |
Glaeser E L. Entrepreneurship and the city[J]. Social Science Research Network Electronic Journal, 2007(32/33):1626.
|
| [32] |
葛美玲,封志明.中国人口分布的密度分级与重心曲线特征分析[J]. 地理学报,2009,64(2):202-210.[Ge Meiling, Feng Zhiming. Population distribution of China based on GIS:Classification of population densities and curve of population gravity centers[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009,64(2):202-210.]
|
| [6] |
Glaeser E L. Entrepreneurship and the city[J]. Social Science Research Network Electronic Journal, 2007(32/33):1626.
|
| [7] |
Rosenthal S S, Eggers M A, Strange W C, et al. Small establishments/big effects:Agglomeration, industrial organization and entrepreneurship[J]. National Bureau of Economic Research Chapters, 2010,35(35):68-68.
|
| [33] |
李亚婷,潘少奇,苗长虹.中国县域人均粮食占有量的时空格局——基于户籍人口和常住人口的对比分析[J].地理学报,2014,69(12):1753-1766.[Li Yating, Pan Shaoqi, Miao Changhong. The spatial-temporal patterns of per capita share of grain at the county level in China:A comparation between registered population and resident population[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014,69(12):1753-1766.]
|
| [7] |
Rosenthal S S, Eggers M A, Strange W C, et al. Small establishments/big effects:Agglomeration, industrial organization and entrepreneurship[J]. National Bureau of Economic Research Chapters, 2010,35(35):68-68.
|
| [8] |
刘鹏程,李磊,王小洁.企业家精神的性别差异——基于创业动机视角的研究[J].管理世界,2013(8):126-135.[Liu Pengcheng, Li Lei, Wang Xiaojie. Gender differences in entrepreneurial spirit——from the perspective of entrepreneurial motivation[J]. Management World, 2013(8):126-135.]
|
| [8] |
刘鹏程,李磊,王小洁.企业家精神的性别差异——基于创业动机视角的研究[J].管理世界,2013(8):126-135.[Liu Pengcheng, Li Lei, Wang Xiaojie. Gender differences in entrepreneurial spirit——from the perspective of entrepreneurial motivation[J]. Management World, 2013(8):126-135.]
|
| [9] |
汪川,陈晓霞,朱曦济.年龄结构与企业家精神——基于中国省级数据的实证分析[J].当代经济研究,2014(7):76-81.[Wang Chuan, Chen Xiaoxia, Zhu Xiji. Age structure and entrepreneurship:Evidence from Chinese provincial data[J]. Contemporary Economic Research, 2014(7):76-81.]
|
| [9] |
汪川,陈晓霞,朱曦济.年龄结构与企业家精神——基于中国省级数据的实证分析[J].当代经济研究,2014(7):76-81.[Wang Chuan, Chen Xiaoxia, Zhu Xiji. Age structure and entrepreneurship:Evidence from Chinese provincial data[J]. Contemporary Economic Research, 2014(7):76-81.]
|
| [10] |
Addario S D, Vuri D. Entrepreneurship and market size. The case of young college graduates in Italy[J]. Ssrn Electronic Journal, 2010,17(5):848-858.
|
| [10] |
Addario S D, Vuri D. Entrepreneurship and market size. The case of young college graduates in Italy[J]. Ssrn Electronic Journal, 2010,17(5):848-858.
|
| [11] |
Glaeser E L, Kerr W R. Local industrial conditions and entrepreneurship:How much of the spatial distribution can we explain?[J]. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 2009,18(3):623-663.
|
| [11] |
Glaeser E L, Kerr W R. Local industrial conditions and entrepreneurship:How much of the spatial distribution can we explain?[J]. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 2009,18(3):623-663.
|
| [12] |
董晓芳.企业家精神、企业生命周期和聚集经济[D].成都:西南财经大学,2012:93-97.[Dong Xiaofang. Entrepreneurship, Firm Life Circle and Agglomeration Economics[D]. Chengdu:Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, 2012:93-97.]
|
| [12] |
董晓芳.企业家精神、企业生命周期和聚集经济[D].成都:西南财经大学,2012:93-97.[Dong Xiaofang. Entrepreneurship, Firm Life Circle and Agglomeration Economics[D]. Chengdu:Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, 2012:93-97.]
|
| [13] |
Ghani E, Kerr W R, O'connell S. Spatial determinants of entrepreneurship in India[J]. Regional Studies, 2014,48(6):1071-1089.
|
| [13] |
Ghani E, Kerr W R, O'connell S. Spatial determinants of entrepreneurship in India[J]. Regional Studies, 2014,48(6):1071-1089.
|
| [14] |
Guo Q, He C, Li D. Entrepreneurship in China:The role of localisation and urbanisation economies[J]. Urban Studies, 2016,53(12):2584-2606.
|
| [14] |
Guo Q, He C, Li D. Entrepreneurship in China:The role of localisation and urbanisation economies[J]. Urban Studies, 2016,53(12):2584-2606.
|
| [15] |
Lee S Y, Florida R, Acs Z. Creativity and entrepreneurship:A regional analysis of new firm formation[J]. Regional Studies, 2004,38(8):879-891.
|
| [15] |
Lee S Y, Florida R, Acs Z. Creativity and entrepreneurship:A regional analysis of new firm formation[J]. Regional Studies, 2004,38(8):879-891.
|
| [16] |
Qian H. Diversity versus tolerance:The social drivers of innovation and entrepreneurship in US cities[J]. Urban Studies, 2013,50(13):2718-2735.
|
| [16] |
Qian H. Diversity versus tolerance:The social drivers of innovation and entrepreneurship in US cities[J]. Urban Studies, 2013,50(13):2718-2735.
|
| [17] |
Audretsch D, Dohse D, Niebuhr A. Cultural diversity and entrepreneurship:A regional analysis for Germany[J]. The Annals of Regional Science, 2010,45(1):55-85.
|
| [17] |
Audretsch D, Dohse D, Niebuhr A. Cultural diversity and entrepreneurship:A regional analysis for Germany[J]. The Annals of Regional Science, 2010,45(1):55-85.
|
| [18] |
Rodríguez-Pose A, Hardy D. Cultural diversity and entrepreneurship in England and Wales[J]. Environment and Planning A, 2015, 47(2):392-411.
|
| [18] |
Rodríguez-Pose A, Hardy D. Cultural diversity and entrepreneurship in England and Wales[J]. Environment and Planning A, 2015, 47(2):392-411.
|
| [19] |
吴晓瑜,王敏,李力行.中国的高房价是否阻碍了创业?[J].经济研究,2014(9):121-134.[Wu Xiaoyu, Wang Min, Li Lixing. Did high housing price discourage entrepreneurship in China?[J]. Economic Research Journal, 2014(9):121-134.]
|
| [19] |
吴晓瑜,王敏,李力行.中国的高房价是否阻碍了创业?[J].经济研究,2014(9):121-134.[Wu Xiaoyu, Wang Min, Li Lixing. Did high housing price discourage entrepreneurship in China?[J]. Economic Research Journal, 2014(9):121-134.]
|
| [20] |
刘鹏程,李磊,王小洁,等.FDI对东道国企业家精神的动态影响[J]. 当代经济科学,2013,35(4):32-41.[Liu Pengcheng, Li Lei, Wang Xiaojie, et al. The dynamic impact of FDI on the entrepreneurship of host countries[J]. Modern Economic Science, 2013,35(4):32-41.]
|
| [20] |
刘鹏程,李磊,王小洁,等.FDI对东道国企业家精神的动态影响[J]. 当代经济科学,2013,35(4):32-41.[Liu Pengcheng, Li Lei, Wang Xiaojie, et al. The dynamic impact of FDI on the entrepreneurship of host countries[J]. Modern Economic Science, 2013,35(4):32-41.]
|
| [21] |
颜为民,邵传林,裴志伟.地区腐败,金融市场化与企业家精神——基于中国省级层面的经验证据[J].当代经济管理,2015,37(4):91-97.[Yan Weimin, Shao Chuanlin, Pei Zhiwei. Regional corruption, financial marketization and entrepreneurship:Experience evidence from Chinese provincial Level[J]. Contemporary Economic Management, 2015,37(4):91-97.]
|
| [21] |
颜为民,邵传林,裴志伟.地区腐败,金融市场化与企业家精神——基于中国省级层面的经验证据[J].当代经济管理,2015,37(4):91-97.[Yan Weimin, Shao Chuanlin, Pei Zhiwei. Regional corruption, financial marketization and entrepreneurship:Experience evidence from Chinese provincial Level[J]. Contemporary Economic Management, 2015,37(4):91-97.]
|
| [22] |
Rosenthal S S, Ross A. Violent crime, entrepreneurship, and cities[J]. Journal of Urban Economics, 2010,67(1):135-149.
|
| [22] |
Rosenthal S S, Ross A. Violent crime, entrepreneurship, and cities[J]. Journal of Urban Economics, 2010,67(1):135-149.
|
| [23] |
杨勇,朱乾.企业家精神的决定因素——来自中国省级面板数据的经验[J].经济经纬,2011(5):71-74.[Yang Yong, Zhu Qian. The determinants of entrepreneurship:Evidence from Chinese province:Level panel data[J]. Economic Survey, 2011(5):71-74.]
|
| [23] |
杨勇,朱乾.企业家精神的决定因素——来自中国省级面板数据的经验[J].经济经纬,2011(5):71-74.[Yang Yong, Zhu Qian. The determinants of entrepreneurship:Evidence from Chinese province:Level panel data[J]. Economic Survey, 2011(5):71-74.]
|
| [24] |
Hundt C, Sternberg R. Explaining new firm creation in Europe from a spatial and time perspective:A multilevel analysis based upon data of individuals, regions and countries[J]. Papers in Regional Science, 2016,95(2):223-257.
|
| [24] |
Hundt C, Sternberg R. Explaining new firm creation in Europe from a spatial and time perspective:A multilevel analysis based upon data of individuals, regions and countries[J]. Papers in Regional Science, 2016,95(2):223-257.
|
| [25] |
袁红林,蒋含明.中国企业家创业精神的影响因素分析——基于省级面板数据的实证研究[J].当代财经,2013(8):65-75.[Yuan Honglin, Jiang Hanming. An analysis of the influencing factors of entrepreneurship in China:An empirical study based on provincial panel data[J]. Contemporary Finance & Economics, 2013(8):65-75.]
|
| [25] |
袁红林,蒋含明.中国企业家创业精神的影响因素分析——基于省级面板数据的实证研究[J].当代财经,2013(8):65-75.[Yuan Honglin, Jiang Hanming. An analysis of the influencing factors of entrepreneurship in China:An empirical study based on provincial panel data[J]. Contemporary Finance & Economics, 2013(8):65-75.]
|
| [26] |
Dong Z, Wei X, Zhang Y. The allocation of entrepreneurial efforts in a rent-seeking society:Evidence from China[J]. Journal of Comparative Economics, 2015,44(2):353-371.
|
| [26] |
Dong Z, Wei X, Zhang Y. The allocation of entrepreneurial efforts in a rent-seeking society:Evidence from China[J]. Journal of Comparative Economics, 2015,44(2):353-371.
|
| [27] |
陈刚.管制与创业——来自中国的微观证据[J].管理世界,2015(5):89-99.[Chen Gang. The regulation and the entrepreneurship:The micro evidence from China[J]. Management World, 2015(5):89-99.]
|
| [27] |
陈刚.管制与创业——来自中国的微观证据[J].管理世界,2015(5):89-99.[Chen Gang. The regulation and the entrepreneurship:The micro evidence from China[J]. Management World, 2015(5):89-99.]
|
| [28] |
阮荣平,郑风田,刘力.信仰的力量:宗教有利于创业吗?[J].经济研究,2014(3):171-184.[Ruan Rongping, Zheng Fengtian, Liu Li. The power of religious believing:Does religion influence entrepreneurship?[J]. Economic Research Journal, 2014(3):171-184.]
|
| [28] |
阮荣平,郑风田,刘力.信仰的力量:宗教有利于创业吗?[J].经济研究,2014(3):171-184.[Ruan Rongping, Zheng Fengtian, Liu Li. The power of religious believing:Does religion influence entrepreneurship?[J]. Economic Research Journal, 2014(3):171-184.]
|
| [29] |
Andersson M, Koster S. Sources of persistence in regional start-up rates:Evidence from Sweden[J]. Journal of Economic Geography, 2011,11(1):179-201.
|
| [29] |
Andersson M, Koster S. Sources of persistence in regional start-up rates:Evidence from Sweden[J]. Journal of Economic Geography, 2011,11(1):179-201.
|
| [30] |
Fritsch M, Wyrwich M. The long persistence of regional levels of entrepreneurship:Germany, 1925-2005[J]. Regional Studies, 2014,48(6):955-973.
|
| [30] |
Fritsch M, Wyrwich M. The long persistence of regional levels of entrepreneurship:Germany, 1925-2005[J]. Regional Studies, 2014,48(6):955-973.
|
| [31] |
潘竟虎.中国地级及以上城市GDP含金量时空分异格局[J].地理科学,2015,35(12):1502-1510.[Pan Jinghu. Spatiotemporal pattern of gold content of GDP at prefecture level or cities above in China[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015,35(12):1502-1510.]
|
| [31] |
潘竟虎.中国地级及以上城市GDP含金量时空分异格局[J].地理科学,2015,35(12):1502-1510.[Pan Jinghu. Spatiotemporal pattern of gold content of GDP at prefecture level or cities above in China[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015,35(12):1502-1510.]
|
| [32] |
葛美玲,封志明.中国人口分布的密度分级与重心曲线特征分析[J]. 地理学报,2009,64(2):202-210.[Ge Meiling, Feng Zhiming. Population distribution of China based on GIS:Classification of population densities and curve of population gravity centers[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009,64(2):202-210.]
|
| [32] |
葛美玲,封志明.中国人口分布的密度分级与重心曲线特征分析[J]. 地理学报,2009,64(2):202-210.[Ge Meiling, Feng Zhiming. Population distribution of China based on GIS:Classification of population densities and curve of population gravity centers[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009,64(2):202-210.]
|
| [33] |
李亚婷,潘少奇,苗长虹.中国县域人均粮食占有量的时空格局——基于户籍人口和常住人口的对比分析[J].地理学报,2014,69(12):1753-1766.[Li Yating, Pan Shaoqi, Miao Changhong. The spatial-temporal patterns of per capita share of grain at the county level in China:A comparation between registered population and resident population[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014,69(12):1753-1766.]
|
|
|
|
2017, Vol. 32 
