This paper makes a review on urban morphology studies in western world, and analyzes the enlightenment to China. The paper describes the origins, development and characteristics of the three main schools: 1) German-British School, originated from the landscape school of human geography in the German-speaking countries during the 1900~1930s, is developed greatly after the World War II in England by Conzen. Whitehand compiled Conzen's works and developed his ideas, then formed the Urban Morphology Research Group at the University of Birmingham, which became a strong center of urban morphology research nowadays. 2) Italian School, making a reflection of modernist architecture in 1950~1960s, has its seminal instigator as Muratori, who developed his self-termed "operational histories" in the studies of Venice and Rome. In recent decades, Caniggia and Cataldi, taking over the mantle of Muratori, made Italian School also become the mainstream of urban morphology studies. It is characterized as typology-morphology tradition and put theory into design practice. 3) French School also stemmed from the critique of modern architecture in the late 1960s. But with the influence of both the British and Italian schools and some other subjects, such as sociology and art history, French School is more integrated with studies emerged from architecture, urban planning and urban geography. After the 1990s, three schools were coming together, leading to set up the International Seminar on Urban Form (ISUF) which provides the basis for an interdisciplinary field and the opportunity to establish common theoretical foundations for the urban morphologists all over the world. According to the ISUF's official publication Urban Morphology and literature bibliography, some discussions are offered in the recent works in several countries. Finally, regarding the urban form studies in China, this paper argues that more attention is paid to the macro-scale studies. However, the medium and micro scale studies of the built fabric on the block and land parcel scale and its form evolution process for example, which are the main focus of western studies, are still lack of sufficient works in China. The author points out that the concepts, theories and methodology of western urban morphology studies can provide great enlightenment to China.

Culture is the essence of the tourism. With the name of the cultural tourism, the intangible heritage has become the most important and valuable item. In recent years, more and more tourists aren't any longer satisfied with the recreational experiences but go for the different cultural tastes. Therefore, the intangible cultural heritage has become the next goal to be developed for its rich cultural essences and lively cultural features. In the process of developing, these developers don't always care about the identity which is the most important factor for the inheriting of the intangible heritage. The identities of the intangible cultural heritage includes: authenticity, living condition, folkloric character, localization, integrity and humanism. As a result, such developing activities do serious and incurable harm to the intangible heritage. The harmful developing for the heritage should be forbidden, but the moderate and reasonable developing is also good and necessary for the heritage. What kind of developing activities can be called moderate and reasonable? After carefully studying, the writer comes up with his solution about this problem. In writer's opinion: firstly, it is important to know the relationships between the cultural tourism and intangible heritage; and then, it is absolutely necessary to know the identities of the intangible heritage before we drew any conclusion for the protection and the tourism development of the intangible heritage; at last, we can conclude these principles in two points: one is that both the protection and the development are essential, the other is the pursuit of the double-win of protection and development. If we can obey these two basic rules during the developing, we can not only get the sustainable developments and double-win in the protection of the intangible heritage and the cultural tourism, but also keep our national identities in the globalization and benefit the harmonious community building. The intangible cultural heritage is the soul of our inherited culture. It concentrates nation's or group's merit, and shows what they really value. It is the only thing for the nation or the group to differ from others. For that, the nation or the group inherited and cherished it generation after generation. It is precious and irreproducible. China, as a unified and multi-national country with five thousands year's history, creates rich and colorful intangible heritages. These heritages are the essence of our wisdom and culture as well as the foundation to identify our self-confidence and respects. The effort to protect and inherit these valuable heritages is not just the business of the government or the relevant inheritors, but every one of us. Only when all of us regard these heritages as the absolutely necessary part of our life, we can say the heritage is not dangerous at all, and we can protect them well and make them inherit for ever. Only in this way, we can vindicate our cultural dominion, and guarantee the cultural inheritance and safety of ours.

Being the key layer of the preservation of urban history and culture,the preservation of the historic blocks is being increasingly paid fervent attention and high regards exactly because the historic blocks have their true nature that differs from the one of the historic buildings and of the historic cities.The paper then puts forward and elaborates four principles and their contents that the preservation of the historic blocks should follow actually.The first is the overall preservation principle.Although the overall preservation does not mean that a historic block must be reserved completely with "no change of the original shape",the overall objects and complete contents of preservation should be guaranteed,and the comprehensive strategies and integrated tactics of preservation should also be stressed.The second is the authentic preservation principle. The whole authenticity of a historic block is the unity of its material form and life contents,and is also a total emergence of lasting development at one time.The third is the improving function preservation principle. Because of the functional characteristic of the historic blocks,the preservation must adapt the changes of the social activities'way and condition.It is the key and premise to decide whether the historic block can be everlasting to exist and develop,or whether the preservation can be successful.The last but not the least is the gradual renewal preservation principle.The formation of a historic block is an organic eco-progress within which the space grew gradually and the culture accumulated continuously.Therefore,the gradual renewal method,which means that renewing by the owners,carrying out in small scale and lasting to push forward, should be advanced progressively,and also a set of law system and operation mechanism which is adapt to the method should be built up.

Rapid economic growth in China leads to a large influx of migrants in cities and a continuous urban expansion. In order to save financial and administrative cost, urban authority prefers to choose farmland for urban development rather than the urban villages. As a result, villages on urban-rural fringes have been gradually surrounded by urban landscape and become urban villages. As a new type of urban landscape, issues on urban village attract many scholars' interest. This paper gives a comprehensive literature review on urban village and explores the current research problems and shortages from the perspective of research theoretical basis, research topic and research methods. As a specific phenomenon along with China's rapid urbanization, a majority of study productions are made in China. Until recently, scholars overseas begin to give their interest on this topic. Research on urban village started since the end of 1980s from describing the concept, features and forming mechanism, to analyzing some deeper academic topics. This paper does the literature review from the national and international aspects. Research in national academe can be classified to three topics:understanding, forming mechanism and renewal. Scholars overseas hold different research visual angle on urban village. They usually focus on self-help housing, floating population and land use. Through the review of current literatures, there are several problems and shortages which need to be improved in further research. Firstly, a specific and strong theoretical system should be built to give an important research foundation. From the perspective of urban geography, using the research system of urban social geography is very necessary to coordinate the numerous topics and guide the research development along with a canonical path. Secondly, current research should be deepened with choosing more fresh and profound topics, such as exploring different factors' effects and their relationships in driving urban village's development, theoretical evaluation of urban village's objectivity, and urban village's roles in urban special structure. Thirdly, more mathematic methods which depend on great statistical and survey data should be used in further researches.

The reasonable planning and effective building of urban community public service facilities are the necessary precondition of urban governance. The projects and content of community public service facilities are not fixed, they should meet the growing demand of the residents. At present, China does not have a planning standard of community public service facilities, which can be followed by most urban areas. Therefore, clarifying the conditions of urban community public service facilities' configuration and residents' demand at this stage, and giving reasonable proposals of configuration of urban community public service facilities are crucial to the building of a harmonious society. The urban community service facilities are divided into the life service facilities, the municipal administration facilities and the public service facilities. After reviewing the present condition of the national urban community service facilities' disposition and the in habitant's demand. It is concluded that China's urban community public service facilities fall short of demand. Referring to the urban community public service facilities design standards in Beijing, Shanghai and Wuhan and considering a variety of factors,we put forward some suggestions to improve the present situation.

本文在概要介绍岭南文化基本特征的基础上,从地理环境的角度,探讨了岭南文化特征的形成原因。

The international museum association defines the museum in 1989, and points out that it is for the public open, for the social service and non-profit permanent mechanism. It collects, protects, transmits and displays the human environment's material evidence for the purpose of the education, research and entertainment. The museum includes not only science and natural class museum, site class museum, art museum, ecological museum, but also exhibition center and art gallery and so on. With the development of urban tourism, the tourism function of museum is increasingly prominent, and gradually become a important carrier of showing city's unique history and culture, improve city's culture tourism's attraction, at the same time, museum as a high quality of culture tourism resources complied with the trend of the development of culture tourism. This paper made the classification and comparative statement about the museum tourism and related research, according by the domestic and foreign related museum tourism literature retrieval and analysis, find foreign museum and city, community, the fusion of heritage tourism is the trend of the development of the society, they are promote each other, for the two sides bring new development opportunities, and promote the museum tourism research development, to research the museum tourism and as an important carrier of urban tourism has certain reference. Museum tourism resources in China are rich. We begin to pay attention to the museum concept generalization, has emerged "ecological museum", "living state museum" and so on, it breaks the traditional museum development mode and operation mode, makes the ecological environment, site remains, historical scenic spots, historical block development, and becomes a kind of culture-centered, possessing leisure, entertainment, participation, experience and other modern tourism function and multiple profit comprehensive scenic spot.

This paper based on an analysis of relevant foreign literatures summarizes the latest progress made in the fields of landscape, memory and geography and points out that landscape, memory and place identification are tightly related to each other as the objective existence of landscape forms. The paper discusses the application of GIS and cognitive map in researches on urban collective memory and suggests that as city image and cognitive map is the spatial picture of people's collective memory, GIS technology can be utilized to acquire from different groups whose collective memory of urban historical landscape and spatial characteristics have been manifested. An empirical research on urban historical cultural landscape in Foshan finds that (1) interviewees' cognitive maps vary, but most of them can depict urban space by means of uncomplicated memorization of landscapes, among which urban historical cultural landscape is assumed to be the largest portion; (2) spatial structure of the memory of urban historical cultural landscape based on cognitive map is similar to that based on picture identification, in which image of the old city area tends to be clear while the new city area blurry, reflecting a deep print made by traditional urban historical cultural landscape of Foshan on collective memory; (3) the dimensional space of history and the dimensional space of nostalgia is consistent indicating that urban historical cultural landscape can normally recall people's memory and taste. The authors contends that in the context of globalization and urbanization, a perspective from the study of geography and an analysis of the collective memory of historical cultural landscape is valuable in terms of the sustainable preservation of urban historical cultural heritage, the formation of place identity of a city as well as the development of a new direction in the study of urban cultural geography.

With the increasing needs for more detailed and comprehensive explanations of current transitions in China and the convergent merging "turns" in geography and sociology, more integrated explorations of social-spatial processes are called for to confront the complicated challenges in China. Under this background, the researches on the production of space are becoming a central issue in Chinese human geography. To make better understanding of previous main researches on the production of space, this paper sorts them out into three main streams and tries to give a brief introduction of the two from macro and micro perspectives. For the macro-researches, capital flows, people and space interaction can partly explains the "special fix", "scalar fix" and "gentrification". For the micro-researches, actors, network and space play important role in the "collective movements" and "everyday life practices". The philosophical researches concern the spatial epistemology, ontology and dialects. This paper focus on the first two streams. Borrowing the ideas from Castells, the authors generalize an analytic framework of the production of space, which contains the processes of territorialization and delocalization of capital flows, social actions and institutional structures. Based on this framework, the authors point out that the research topics, which are suitable for China in the future, should include the "detailed process of capital circuits", the "social movements in the period of China's social transition", the "entrepreneurial governments" and "land use policies, planning and spatial justice".

Urban Cultural characteristics and identity are becoming extremely important during the process of urban renewal today, which are normally related to three elements, such as people, place and product. The paper focuses on place and its interrelation with urban culture via the method of narration. Although place is becoming one of main topics in geography, architecture, landscape and urban studies, the interplay of place-narrative in characterizing urban culture has not been addressed, particularly in these historic sites and memory places. Based on narrative language and strategies, it refines the cultural meaning and represents the historic information of a place to create place experience and make the identity of place. The body of this research explores several important strategies of place narratives with urban culture characteristics for the renewal of urban historical sites. The strategies could be summarized as follow:the first is to keep existing grids and activate thematic scenes dictated by historical information to create stages for free activities; the second is to cultivate old buildings with collective memories to show true and vivid urban culture with regional features; the third is to set props such as sculptures, distinctive furniture and materials with identical sign to shape features of urban spaces in the same cultural context; the fourth is to integrate different implicit natural landscape into open spaces accordingly to the degree of demonstrating community stories. These strategies can not only provide a critical framework for improving the humanistic qualities and cultural characteristics of urban space, communicating historical stories, recalling collective memories, but also offer district opportunities to inspire non-formal activities, promote social interaction and communication in the street level, and to construct identity of culture.

Rural settlements are places of habitation,production and the living for rural people, which are effected profoundly by the nature condition and factors of rural society, economy and culture. Rural settlement geography, as a main subject of rural geography, focuses on its structure type, distribution characteristic, evolution, the environment (natural and social) relations as well as transformation and reconstruction. Nowadays, rural settlement geography research is a hot spot, especially in recent years. The abroad research on rural settlement geography is more comprehensive. This paper, based on plentiful literature, analyses the research contents of rural settlement geography abroad. And divides the research history into four stages: embryonic stage, initial development stage, expansion and change stage, transition and reconstruction stage. Then we conclude rural settlement geography research content system abroad as follows: (1) the impact of factors of rural settlements layout; (2) the types and patterns of rural settlements; (3) the research of rural settlement land use; (4) the landscape study of rural settlements; and (5) ecological research of rural settlements. On the bases of these summarizations, we describe the research and development trends of the subject recently to provide theoretical and practical reference guides for domestic researchers. We argue that rural settlement geography abroad is paying more attention to studying on the socialization and the reconstruction of rural settlements. As we all know, the area of our country's rural region is broad with the numerous population and huge rural settlements. The domestic rural settlement geography research still needs to be strengthened. While the rural settlement of China has changed a lot with the development of society and economy, rural settlement geography research should be paid more attention. We could take the spatial transformation of rural settlements as a breakthrough point, combine with the particularity of China's current rural development, and study the rural settlement spatial reconstruction of the characteristics, the dynamic mechanism, typical patterns. This will be not only helping to build a more reasonable rural settlement spatial transformation theory system, enrich rural geography research, but also reveal the conflicts and problems in rural development. It will be provide a basis for government in formulating rural development strategies and policies to improve the spatial decision-making.

This paper explores the relationship between city and homosexuality and provides a queering interpretation of urbanism. It provides an overview of the emergence and development of homosexuals as a social group along the historical stages of urban development. Although the association between city and homosexuality traced back to the ancient times of classic Athens, the social construction of homosexual identities only took places in modern metropolises as the result of industrialization and urbanization. The rise of post-modern cities is argued to allow the unprecedented opportunities for homosexual expression, which has been successfully incorporated into the local "place promotion" competing for global capital and economic growth. This research then shifts its focus to the contemporary urban spatial politics in relation to sexuality. By exploring the uneasy relationships of space, power and culture, particularly through introducing the theory of heteronomativity, the author argues that there is a tension between the heteronomativity behind urban space and the expression of homosexual desire and rights. In order to challenge heteronomativity, queering urban space is the most important strategy for the gay communities to claim their rights for public space. While acknowledging the positive changes of the increasing homosexual visibility in Chinese cities, the author problematizes the construction of public space for Chinese tongzhi people that is largely dominated by HIV/AIDS discourses and consumerist drives, and calls for a more progressive approach to this issue that renders subjectivity to the tongzhi community. To illustrate the above theoretical concerns and address the critical questions of whose street, whose park, and whose city, this paper draws data from the media coverage and analyzes three cases of queering urban spaces in major Chinese cities in 2009 including the tongzhi wedding show in Beijing, the first Gay Pride Week in Shanghai, and the People's Park accident in Guangzhou. Although three cases reflect considerable regional differences in civic culture and activists' approach, all of them vividly demonstrate how the contemporary Chinese tongzhi communities fight for the ownership of public space and the transformation of urban social landscapes. The author concludes that the increasing social visibility and the expansion of public space for the tongzhi community is an important indication of the progressive changes taking place in today's Chinese society.

Yi-fu Tuan's book called Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes, and Values is a representative work in humanistic geography. In terms of methodology, Chinese geographers usually study humanistic geography from the perspective of phenomenology and existentialism. However, this article will focus on the other methodology called idealism in humanistic geography based on Topophila as a case. To start with, based on idealism, Yi-fu Tuan attempts to achieve a comprehensive understanding of environmental study in this book. from the normative point of human experiences and geosophy study, two perspectives calle ‘existential perspective’ and ‘situational perspective’ are integrated together. While the ‘existential perspective’ highlighting the start point of human consciousness, the ‘situational perspective’ stresses the startpoint of the environment. All the three perspectives (normative, existential and situational) form into a triangular system, based on which Topophilia can take various human experiences into account. This system leads to a comprehensive research in environmental studies. Moreover, the essential connotation of idealism in Topophilia is manifested as a circular or mandala image. This image stems from the thoughts of Plato and advocated by Jung's psychoanalytic school since the early 20^th century. These thoughts contribute to Yi-fu Tuan's idealism. The circular image is in the unconsciousness of human beings according to Jung. And Yi-fu Tuan suggests that this image not only symbolizes the human continuous pursuing of ideal environments on earth, but also demonstrates in city structures throughout different areas and periods. This is the main idea of Yi-fu Tuan's city ontological thought. At present, the study of humanistic geography in China usually focuses on the distinctions among various geosophies and experiences, but always overlooks the inner common base in humanistic geography. As a result, humans are always understood as a one-dimension pattern of the whole environment. However, idealism, as the key methodology in Topophilia, definitely provides new inspirations.

Abstract Cultural Landscape is one of the five principal themes of Cultural Geography. After a through review of the study ristory of cultural landscape, this paper discusses the importance, contents and role of cultural landscape studying in human geography. Finally, several current trends of the study are analysed.

Sexual minorities' use and appropriation of urban public space has received increasing attention in the research of social space. This line of research examines how sexual minorities practice particular urban space and how it is related to the production of meanings and the reconstruction of social relations. In the extant studies, it is commonly argued that sexual minorities' use of urban public spaces challenges the private/public divide in sexual norms and thus incubate emancipatory potentials. While this paper agrees with this point, it argues in the same time that the production sexual minorities' social space can also be constrained and conditioned by the entrenched structure of hetero-normativity as well as the socially constructed stigma of abnormality attached to sexual minorities. In particular, this paper pays attention to the fact that socially constructed stigma of abnormality can be internalized into sexual minorities' construction of self and subjectivity. Therefore, abnormality must be seen as a discursive construct which sexual minorities must constantly negotiate. This paper employs a case study of the gay cruising space in Park X, Guangzhou, in order to investigate gay men's participation in and experience of urban public space. It suggests that gay men's cruising space is saturated with rich social and cultural meanings. On the one hand, gay men's concentration in the cruising space and their various spatial practices are the outcomes of the established social and cultural structures which reify the rhetoric of the abnormality of homosexual identity. Thus gay men's appropriation of the cruising space in the park transgresses on the normative divide between the private and the public.

The rural community planning based on correlation between urban and rural spatial integration is a realistic research project for Chinese regional development in the context of rapid urbanization. This paper explores the origin, process, characteristics and mechanism of the new rural community planning, and the problems of traditional urban and rural spatial reconstruction, which provided scientific decision making for urban-rural planning and development and theoretical support. It focuses on similarities and differences reflections on urban and rural landscape in the social and economic development, as well as demands on ideal living space.
The aim of this paper is to discuss the construction of new rural community planning principles and the core of the planning system which associated with urban planning system in the process of the urban-rural integration. The basic principles of new rural community planning include the economic space interaction between urban and rural, broadening for living space in rural area, updating for social and cultural space, docking with transportation space in urban and rural and landscape representation on pastoral scenery at different stages of process of the interaction-integration of urban-rural space. Therefore, the core of new rural community planning system is as follows (1) spatial planning of agricultural production in rural area; (2) residential space planning in rural communities; (3) the public space planning in rural communities; (4) transportation space planning in rural region; (5) farmland and green space planning constitutes a new rural community planning system. The five parts mentioned above constitute the new rural community planning system.

This paper brings forward that the outdoor space on a community scale is mainly composed of half-public space and half-private space. Thus the authors introduce a concept of shared outdoor space, and elaborates its definition. The autors decompose the components of shared space, dissect its functions and analyze how shared space can take an important effect on stimulating intercourses between residents and attracting more groups of people. According to the outdoor activity theory, this paper sums up a mode how the quality of shared space has influence on outdoor activities. This paper makes a survey on outdoor activities of LongHui Garden community in Shenzhen. The result shows that there are differences between various users who initiate activities in shared outdoor space. Therefore, it is necessary to plan and design shared outdoor space based on different demands of different user groups. The reasonable usage of shared outdoor space reflects humanistic care on the structures and functions in urban community, and the excellent design of shared space performs an un-neglected role on creating an active and harmonious atmosphere of urban life, which also can push the urban community forward to sustainable and ecological community. According to different leading-functions and the characteristics of half-public and half-private space, the outdoor shared space is divided into seven types. This paper brings forward a mode to analize how the seven types of shared outdoor space stimulate the interaction among residents. Based upon the comparison between neighborhood unit space and shared space, this paper integrates the functions of shared space and makes seven types of shared space together into an organic entirety in order to form a shared space which ecological community should have. Finally, the authors summarize a mode for stimulating interaction of the shared space in urban community, and then put forward a reasonable mode for shared outdoor space in urban ecological community.

By comprehensive analysis on overseas theses and literatures, the article summarizes the research progress of the application of GIS to historical and cultural geography, archaeology and cultural resources management. The article firstly searches key words "GIS" in some representative international academic periodicals, such as Historical Methods, History and Computing, Social Science History, and such like. The result shows that GIS has been becoming an important research way and instrument in historical and cultural geography. Known as historical GIS, the past few years have seen a rapid rise in interest in the potential use of GIS. Its evolution can be reflected in many ways, including the publication of books, special editions of journals, numerous conference sessions and presentations on historical GIS in annual conferences of SSHA and AAG. The research on cultural geography is currently combined with historical geography, and incarnated in some aspects of print culture, geographical names and language culture, especially religious culture. Archaeology has always had a focus on the spatial dimension of human behavior, aiming to interpret human behavior and material culture in a geographic context. Then, the paper introduces some main overseas practices of developing historical cultural GIS. It holds that GIS has been applied in many fields of historical geography and cultural geography. Based on the above reviewing, finally, the authors think that scholars should recognize the function of GIS, develop GIS software, build cooperative research platform from different disciplines and areas, and make using GIS for study of history and culture become a part of plan of digital city.

Consumer value is thought as a next source for competitive advantage. So far, tourist perceived value researches mostly put total value dimensions in the same hierarchy. That is not good to understand the concept deeply and improve the perceived value operationally. Based on "means-end" theory, this study tests the relationship between dimensions of destination attribute level and experience consequence level by regression analysis. In particular, this study develops a measurement scale for the tourist perceived value by focus group interview and reference review. This process identifies the two levels of tourist perceived value: destination attribute level and experience consequence level. Destination attribute level includes five dimensions: service, landscape/environment, tourism infrastructure, activity and cost. Experience consequence level includes four dimensions: pleasure/beauty/knowledge, national identity, social consequence and cost consequence. Take Wuhu city, Anhui province as a case, the trained graduate students conduct a survey face to face in the main attraction Fangta World. The regression analysis results show that tourist perceived value of destination attribute has significant influence on perceived experience consequence. Landscape/environment and cost are the two most important factors which influence the experience consequence of Chinese tourists. Landscape/environment has significant effect on all four experience consequence dimensions on 0.01 or 0.01 level. Cost has significant effect on three of four experience consequence dimensions on 0.05, 0.01 or 0.01 level. The other two destination attribute dimensions which have significant effect on experience consequence are activity and service. Activity influences pleasure/beauty/knowledge on 0.001 level and cost consequence on 0.01 level. Service influences pleasure/beauty/knowledge on 0.05 level and social consequence on 0.01 level. Tourism infrastructure only influences social consequence. The theoretical and managerial value is discussed in the end of the paper.

One of the contemporary researches of urban spatial construction is the analysis of the urban spatial cognition. Based on the theory of the image of the city, this paper analyses the spatial cognition construction of GuanZhou city by the investigations the GuangZhou residerts. Sketch maps constructed by 279 residents are categorized. Factors contributing to the frequency, type of cognition map, organization of the factors and change of morphology are considered. The major influential factors of GuangZhou spatial cognitian including level of education, site of residents and means of communication are discassed by Chi-square test on quantification of sketch maps. The purposes of urban planning and design are pointed out on the urban cognition.

Cities are not always growing. In particular, population is likely to peak very soon and socioeconomic activities are inclined to agglomerate in several regions. Under these circumstances, some cities have faced population decline, which is an irritable trend for both the world and China. More and more developed countries are facing the increasingly severe shrinkage in cities, and this phenomenon triggered a series of complex social problems. Western countries had studied extensively about the issue of shrinking city, but in China, the study of shrinking city is still in a shallow stage. Drawing on very recent studies on urban shrinkage, the paper introduces the definition, origins and phenomena of shrinking cities. For the cities facing the population loss more than two years, and undergo the structural economic crisis, we could call them "shrinking city". It divided the reasons of shrinking to three causes, de-industrialization (mostly in Britain), system adjustment (mostly in Germany) and suburbanization (mostly in America). It further described the process and influence factors of urban shrinkage. To be specific, the paper considered the factors influenced shrinking cities are the adjustment of economic structure, the change of the social population structure, the change of urban spatial structure, resource depletion and political factors. Urban shrinkage process cannot be planned, so the policy decisions is naturally unpredictable. Moreover, urban shrinkage process and performance in different cities show different phenomenon and levels. Furthermore, by introducing the response from foreign countries, including aspects of land use, life quality, managing strategy and planning practice, this paper shows a multiple choice for Chines cities which are experiencing or about to experience Shrinkage.

Research on gay tourism has mainly focused on Western countries such as Europe and the United States, and relatively little is known about the tourism behavior and psychology of gay tourists in Asia. Given the unique social norms and relatively conservative stance of Asian cultures, the tourism experience and psychology of Asian gay tourists may be different from that of the West, and the Asian gay tourist Psychological and behavioral changes and bodily sensory perceptions of Asian gay tourists have also become a neglected segmentation topic in existing research. This study investigated the identity reconstruction and embodied experiences of Chinese gay tourists using a qualitative approach. Based on 16 diaries and 6 in-depth interviews with Chinese gay tourists, our findings show that: 1) The narrative process of identity and embodied experience of Chinese gay tourists to Thailand consists of identity indecision and bodily expectation, identity and bodily experience adaptation, identity and embodied experience struggle, identity reinforcement and physical and mental burnout regulation, identity convergence and embodied perception; 2) The narrative construction space of identity and embodied experience in Chinese gay and lesbian travel to Thailand provides a transformation-oriented path of identity-body experience through which Chinese gay and lesbian tourists adjust their self-identity and adapt to the corresponding bodily sensory experience and bodily sociological context.

Being different from other tourism activities, red tourism is derived from organized patriotism and revolutionary education and developing rapidly as a special kind of tourism product in recent years. It emphasizes particularly on visiting red sights and being educated with regard to other tourism activities. So it has particular characteristics:①historical status is one of the dominant factors of determining the product attraction of red tourism; ②there is the overwhelming majority of domestic tourists who take part in red tourism; ③most domestic tourists travel at public expense; ④sight-seeing and being educated is the major traveling purpose; ⑤red tourism has particular season quality; ⑥"red tourist resources as the supporting role and green ones as the leading role" is the basic developing model; ⑦government-leading and in relation to politics; ⑧binding marketing of regional linkage; and ⑨promoting the economic development of the revolutionary areas.
The developing model of red tourism has typical resource quality and political color. For the most red tourist destinations, they are underdevelopment areas. So government played a leading role at the initial stages by building favorable policy environment, improving the infrastructure such as traffic and accommodation and so on, and exploiting the other tourist resources while attracting tourists to travel. For the comparatively developed areas, the development of red tourism is mostly integrated in city leisure travel and culture travel by digging the historical literature of the intrinsic red tourist resources, and combining with the resource exploitation and the environment improvement around.
Therefore, the development of red tourism should go along with the way of diversification and integration and manifold management of tourist products from the viewpoint of product system and catering for the changing demands of our times to achieve the true sustainability of tourism development.

The "city-region" system theory considers that, with the rising regional economy and urbanization level, city has already become the core spatial support of modern regional economic element and indsuatrial centralization and decentralization, but the development and change of city is restricted by urban economic function, and the adjustment of industrial structure will have a great influence on city land structure and spatial form. At the same time, from the angle of supply factor of urban industrial structure change, the upgrading and changing of industrial structure depends on urbanization spatial support such as expanding urban spatial form,developing new urban areas and so on, which makes upgrading of industrial structure and evolvment of urban spatial form produce interaction mechanism.
The upgrading of industrial structure is the major force which promots the evolvement of urban structural form, and the adjustment course of modern urban space is the dynamic change course of optimization and upgrading of industrial structure continuously. The adjustment of the structural form of urban space has important support, pulling the carrier effect on the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure. So it will be the city and region's inevitable trend coupling between upgrading of industrial structure and optimization of urban spatial structure in future development.
Changchun has been constructed and developed for 200 years, and the interaction of urban industrial structure and spatial form structure has been changing from weak to strong. With the application of new technology and power pluralism of urban development, it will be enhanced constantly for the interaction in tensity between industrial structure change and urbanization of Changchun in the future.

Urban agglomeration is one of the forms of human settlement which comes with the agglomeration of city development,when the affect area of city function is beyond its traditional administrative boundary,and the collaboration between the cities emerges and is gradually strengthened. The research on urban agglomeration could be traced back to Howard's "city cluster" in the early 20th century. Although the term of urban agglomeration is still under discussion,the foreign academic accepts it basically,and looks it as a new form of human settlement. The domestic research on urban agglomeration began in 1980s. The definition of urban agglomeration which is still vague refers to such as "megalopolis","metropolitan area" abroad. Compared to the more cautious attitude of foreign researchers,the domestic research does not go into the definition of the concept of urban agglomeration,and also lacks the reflection on the relationship between the urban agglomeration and the existing terms. The existing domestic researches mainly focus on the macro and qualitative description. Meanwhile,there are many different terms about urban agglomeration emerged,and the research scope on urban agglomeration is uncertain,and the relevant statistics is the lack. Under this condition,this study points out that the domestic research on urban agglomeration ought to unify the definition of the term,and strengthen the empirical research based on the analysis of statistics data of the urban agglomeration. On this basis,the essential characteristics of china's urban agglomeration and its mechanism of creation ought to be explored. Apart from the economic and population,it is also necessary to consider the effect from the individual,organizations,local and national governments on urban agglomeration. The researches should reflect the background of the time,face the problems during the development of urban agglomeration,and look for the ways to promote its sustainable development.

Geography was the most stability, continue and lasting forces for the cityscape. It supplied a city for the establishment and development condition. Usually the planning of cityscapes is only limited in the architectural space, from buildings, streets and blocks to whole city. My research is from the viewpoint of geography system to study on the historical changes of the cityscape.
Nanjing originated at 2500 years ago with ten dynasties once established their capitals in the place. Nanjing's geographical condition is composed by three mountain ranges:the first range was along the Yangtze River, with fortress and castles built on it. Stone City was the most well known castle. The second intruded in to inside Nanjing Region with defense wall, villas, palace and gardens built on it. The third was located at south of Nanjing for temples and tourism. The Yangtze River serviced as the geographical defense line. Two branch rivers, Qinghuai River and Jinchuan River, formed two plains in south and north region. Three lakes, Xuanwu, Muochou and Yanque lakes were summer palaces or military training sites.
The ideas behind Nanjing's landscape planning from its origins through development depended on the natural environment of mountains and rivers.With the rapid expansion of Nanjing in recent years, the urban have gradually abandoned the original background of wild nature. The mountain ranges that formed "Emperor's Capital Atmosphere" in its history have been heavenly destroyed and separated.
My research study on as following ideas:1)Alone on the mountains and rivers system to analysis on the historical charactereristics of nature and man construction. Investigation historical traces alone the rivers and mountains ranges. 2)Alone on the mountains and rivers system to analysis on present situation of the natural landscape areas. 3) Alone on the mountains and rivers system to plan the cityscape into a whole landscape system. 4) Distinguish the landmark in historical geography to preserve the characteristics of the cityscape. 5) Geographical landscape planning; let traditional preservation and urban planning to expand into geographical system.

It is very important to understand the whole course of those ever-changing thought on space in human geography and its influences on human geography. This article divides the course into 4 stages, that is the beginning, the continuing periods, the several important turns from World War II to the 1980s, and the last that there is some resemblance with the first stage but not alike at all. At the beginning, it is Kant that firstly, philosophically and specially defines geography as a science of space, and it upraises the position of geography in the system of science. Thereafter, Hettner-Hartshorne follows Kantian view of space. They unite this kind of abstract definition to the practical history that geography often is regards as local chronicles, and hold that the core of geography is region. Since the 1950s, spatial ideas in human geography mainly have undergone 5 turns. Respectively, they are geometry of space, human spatiality, radical space, production of space, and postmodern space. These changes reflect frequent interaction between human geography and math, philosophy, and the other social sciences. There are some similar features on the view of space between the Kantian and the postmodern, such as emphasis on philosophy, the three-dimensional characteristics and so on. To sum up, because these different epistemologies on space are valuable, however it is very difficult to assess them; the debates on the place and identity of human geography are increasingly fade-out. That indicates there are multiple directions on research of human geography. Philosophy, the other social sciences and humanities offer the basis and tools for human geography, and they not only make the identity of human geography confusing but also make it more vigorous and charming. This is the greatest opportunity and challenge that human geographers have to be faced.

Tourist destination image (TDI) study in China has long been suffering from the lack of a solid theoretical foundation. To address this problem and provide a guideline for researchers, the paper analyzes and summarizes the relevant concepts in Chinese and Western literature in the past 30 years. Based on that, the paper innovatively put forward the "Dandelion Model" of tourist destination image and the image-construction-and-formation-based concept system. The former is to explore the internal structure of TDI, while the latter is to demonstrate the related concepts and identify the interrelationships among them.

With the ‘culture turn’ and ‘spatial turn’, the past three decades have witnessed a shift from the ‘old’ super-organic view of culture to the critical ‘new’ one in the literature of human geography. This paper examines the three core concepts which are culture, meaning and representation, as well as its background. According to the new cultural geography, culture is not an intrinsic, unified whole, but composes of different practice of representation by different power conflict. Examining meaning is the main purpose of this study. How to interpret meaning in power and social relations becomes the central issue. Representation is what the landscape appears to the human and its multiple forms-the words and images-and scales have become the central topics in the study. Furthermore, the authors classify the epistemologies into five schools. Social Marxism which relies on the art historic iconography regards the landscape as a veil. Its duplicity lies in covering the hidden ideology, and the method including the art historic iconography. Later North American Marxists understands it as an unfinished product in the process of capitalism production and a form of social regulation. Thus, they offered a wider and deeper theory than Cosgrove and Daniels'. Based on linguistic post-structuralism, cultural landscape analyzes as text. Its meaning is created during inter-textual communication. UK-based cultural geographers stress cultures of landscape. In the realm of everyday landscape practices, regulatory processes and cultural discourses, it draws upon Michel Foucault's view of subject and discourse, so landscape can be regarded as shuttle. Feminists and post-colonists criticize landscape studies as a way of seeing and treat it as a gaze upon the land, a dominant way to the Others' world, and the eyes swing between the open rationality and the latent visual pleasure. Furthermore, from the perspective of nationality, landscape also contributes to the communism and the sharing particular landscape and history help to establish collective identity. Within the shifts of the ontology and epistemology, the ‘new’ cultural geography changes to cultural politics and landscape moves from a naturally given one to a politically contested one. The turn has brought other social scientific and humanistic disciplines into the study of cultural geography and attracted increasingly attention cross the boundary of discipline.

With the rapid development of tourism industry, people come across more problems, which lead to a reconsideration about the relationship between tourism and community. It is P. E. Murphy who applied firstly the concept of community involvement in tourism in 1985. From then on, many foreign researches put much attention on this issue to try to find out a new approach for the sustainable development of tourism industry. They did lots of valuable works. Researchers in China began to involve into this issue in 1990's. There is no correlative study analyzing the characteristics of community involvement during the course of development. Travelling is a kind of action between different communities. Since the first traveller came into a community, it means this community began to involve into tourism inevitably. In this paper, after recognizing the features of community involvement in different historical stage, the author partitioned it into four stages:individual involvement, organized involvement, mass involvement and comprehensive involvement. And then the development course was characterized as a curve similar with "S". It is necessary to point out that after the third phase, community involvement had two kinds of tendencies:One is coming down with tourism decline and attraction descending of tourism resources; The other tendency is that the destination community plays a positive role in tourism development with involving into all sectors of tourism industry and tourism decision. So based on this viewpoint, the author made and explained the suggestion that, the destination community should participate in tourism comprehensively in order to preventing the decline of tourism destination and the community disaggregation. Particularly, targeted on sustainable development of tourism industry, the destination community should do more in three aspects as following besides the economic actions:(1)Tourism decision. Especially considering more community demand in tourism planning could make it more acceptable and applicable;(2)Environment protection. After realizing that keeping a natural environment is beneficial, the residents would be more active in environment protection.(3)Culture maintenance. The destination community must do more to keep the core of local culture identified by the young generation.