RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENTIAL MECHANISM BETWEEN THE TOURISTS' CROWDING PERCEPTION AND EMOTIONS FOR RECREATION IN ANCIENT VILLAGE SCENIC SPOT: A CASE STUDY OF XIDI AND HONGCUN ANCIENT VILLAGES
1. Academy of Economics and Management, Huangshan University, Huangshan 245021, China;
2. School of Tourism, Huangshan University, Huangshan 245021, China;
3. Faculty of International Tourism and Management, City University of Macau, Macau 999078, China;
4. College of Territorial Resources and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
Abstract Crowding perception has been considering to be one of the vital parameters influencing tourists' experience and satisfaction for recreation. However, studies on the influence of tourists' emotional changes upon their satisfaction to recreation on the basis of constructing multi-dimensional degrees of crow ding perception are still in an early stage. Based on the case study of Xidi and Hongcun, ancient villages since the Ming and Qing dynasties in the south of Anhui Province, this thesis explores factors from three dimensions of the tourists' crowding perception, i.e. the influence of space crowding, human crowdedness and the experiential crowding on the tourists' recreational process. Meanwhile, with the emotional changes of tourists as the intermediary variable, this thesis also focuses on the influence of crowding in ancient village scenic spots upon tourists' satisfaction of recreation, to further study the behaviour of tourists during the recreational process.
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[2]
Neuts B, Nijkamp P. Tourist crowding perception and acceptability in cities:An applied modelling study on Bruges[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2012,39(4):2133-2153.
[7]
Lee S Y, Kim J O, Li J G. Impacts of store crowding on shopping behavior and store image[J]. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering,2011,10(1):133-140.
[1]
Stokols D. On the distinction between density and crowding:Some implications for future research[J]. Psychological Review, 1972,79(3):275-277.
[2]
Neuts B, Nijkamp P. Tourist crowding perception and acceptability in cities:An applied modelling study on Bruges[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2012,39(4):2133-2153.
[3]
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李莉,颜丙金,张宏磊,等.景区游客拥挤感知多维度内涵及其影响机制研究——以三清山为例[J].人文地理,2016,31(2):145-152.[Li Li, Yan Bingjin, Zhang Honglei, Zhang Jie, et al. Multidimensional connotation and antecedents of tourist crowding perceptions:A case study in mount Sanqing[J]. Human Geography, 2016,31(2):145-152.]
[9]
吴义宏,杨效忠,彭敏.主题公园拥挤感知的影响因素研究:以方特欢乐世界为例[J]. 人文地理,2014,29(4):119-125.[Wu Yihong, Yang Xiaozhong, Peng Min. Research on the influencing factors of perceived crowding in theme park:A case study of Fantawild adventure[J]. Human Geography, 2014,29(4):119-125.]
[2]
Neuts B, Nijkamp P. Tourist crowding perception and acceptability in cities:An applied modelling study on Bruges[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2012,39(4):2133-2153.
[3]
Navarro J E, Damian I M, Fernándezmorales A. Carrying capacity model applied in coastal destinations[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2013,43(7):1-19.
[4]
Hwang J, Yoon S, Bendle L J. Desired privacy and the impact of crowding on customer emotions and approach-avoidance responses:Waiting in a virtual reality restaurant[J]. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 2012,24(2):224-250.
[10]
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[3]
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[4]
Hwang J, Yoon S, Bendle L J. Desired privacy and the impact of crowding on customer emotions and approach-avoidance responses:Waiting in a virtual reality restaurant[J]. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 2012,24(2):224-250.
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Hwang J, Yoon S, Bendle L J. Desired privacy and the impact of crowding on customer emotions and approach-avoidance responses:Waiting in a virtual reality restaurant[J]. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 2012,24(2):224-250.
[5]
Lee H, Graefe A R. Crowding at an arts festival:Extending crowding models to the front country[J].Tourism Management, 2003,24(1):1-11.
[6]
Li J T, Kim J, Lee S Y. An empirical examination of perceived retail crowding, emotions,and retail outcomes[J]. The Service Industries Journal, 2009,29(5):635-652.
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Arnberger A, Haider W. Would you displace? It depends! A multivariate visual approach to intended displacement from an urban forest trail[J]. Journal of Leisure Research, 2007,39(2):345-365.
[5]
Lee H, Graefe A R. Crowding at an arts festival:Extending crowding models to the front country[J].Tourism Management, 2003,24(1):1-11.
[6]
Li J T, Kim J, Lee S Y. An empirical examination of perceived retail crowding, emotions,and retail outcomes[J]. The Service Industries Journal, 2009,29(5):635-652.
[7]
Lee S Y, Kim J O, Li J G. Impacts of store crowding on shopping behavior and store image[J]. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering,2011,10(1):133-140.
[13]
Arthaud-Day M L, Rode J C, Mooney C H. The subjective well-being construct:A test of its convergent, discriminant, and factorial validity[J]. Social Indicators Research, 2005,74(3):445-476.
[6]
Li J T, Kim J, Lee S Y. An empirical examination of perceived retail crowding, emotions,and retail outcomes[J]. The Service Industries Journal, 2009,29(5):635-652.
[7]
Lee S Y, Kim J O, Li J G. Impacts of store crowding on shopping behavior and store image[J]. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering,2011,10(1):133-140.
[14]
Diener E, Suh E M, Lucas R E, et al. Subjective well-being:Three decades of progress[J]. Psychological Bulletin, 1999,125(2):276-302.
[8]
李莉,颜丙金,张宏磊,等.景区游客拥挤感知多维度内涵及其影响机制研究——以三清山为例[J].人文地理,2016,31(2):145-152.[Li Li, Yan Bingjin, Zhang Honglei, Zhang Jie, et al. Multidimensional connotation and antecedents of tourist crowding perceptions:A case study in mount Sanqing[J]. Human Geography, 2016,31(2):145-152.]
[9]
吴义宏,杨效忠,彭敏.主题公园拥挤感知的影响因素研究:以方特欢乐世界为例[J]. 人文地理,2014,29(4):119-125.[Wu Yihong, Yang Xiaozhong, Peng Min. Research on the influencing factors of perceived crowding in theme park:A case study of Fantawild adventure[J]. Human Geography, 2014,29(4):119-125.]
[7]
Lee S Y, Kim J O, Li J G. Impacts of store crowding on shopping behavior and store image[J]. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering,2011,10(1):133-140.
[8]
李莉,颜丙金,张宏磊,等.景区游客拥挤感知多维度内涵及其影响机制研究——以三清山为例[J].人文地理,2016,31(2):145-152.[Li Li, Yan Bingjin, Zhang Honglei, Zhang Jie, et al. Multidimensional connotation and antecedents of tourist crowding perceptions:A case study in mount Sanqing[J]. Human Geography, 2016,31(2):145-152.]
[9]
吴义宏,杨效忠,彭敏.主题公园拥挤感知的影响因素研究:以方特欢乐世界为例[J]. 人文地理,2014,29(4):119-125.[Wu Yihong, Yang Xiaozhong, Peng Min. Research on the influencing factors of perceived crowding in theme park:A case study of Fantawild adventure[J]. Human Geography, 2014,29(4):119-125.]
[15]
李风琴,杨效忠.世界遗产地西湖的物理拥挤和心理拥挤关系[J]. 地理科学,2017,37(1):102-109.[Li Fengqin, Yang Xiaozhong. Relationship between physical and psychological crowding in the world heritage-west lake[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017,37(1):102-109.]
[10]
Beerli A, Martin J D. Factors influencing destination image[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2004,31(3):657-681.
[8]
李莉,颜丙金,张宏磊,等.景区游客拥挤感知多维度内涵及其影响机制研究——以三清山为例[J].人文地理,2016,31(2):145-152.[Li Li, Yan Bingjin, Zhang Honglei, Zhang Jie, et al. Multidimensional connotation and antecedents of tourist crowding perceptions:A case study in mount Sanqing[J]. Human Geography, 2016,31(2):145-152.]
[9]
吴义宏,杨效忠,彭敏.主题公园拥挤感知的影响因素研究:以方特欢乐世界为例[J]. 人文地理,2014,29(4):119-125.[Wu Yihong, Yang Xiaozhong, Peng Min. Research on the influencing factors of perceived crowding in theme park:A case study of Fantawild adventure[J]. Human Geography, 2014,29(4):119-125.]
[10]
Beerli A, Martin J D. Factors influencing destination image[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2004,31(3):657-681.
[16]
Lee Y K, Lee C K, Lee S K, et al. Festivalscapes and patrons' emotions, satisfaction, and loyalty[J]. Journal of Business Research, 2008,61(1):56-64.
[11]
Fleishman L, Feitelson E, Salomon I. The role of cultural and demographic diversity in crowding perception:Evidence from nature reserves in Israel[J]. Tourism Analysis, 2004,9(2):23-40.
[10]
Beerli A, Martin J D. Factors influencing destination image[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2004,31(3):657-681.
[11]
Fleishman L, Feitelson E, Salomon I. The role of cultural and demographic diversity in crowding perception:Evidence from nature reserves in Israel[J]. Tourism Analysis, 2004,9(2):23-40.
[17]
Yoon Y, Lee J, Lee C. Measuring festival quality and value affecting visitors' satisfaction and loyalty using a structural approach[J]. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2010,29(2):335-342.
[12]
Arnberger A, Haider W. Would you displace? It depends! A multivariate visual approach to intended displacement from an urban forest trail[J]. Journal of Leisure Research, 2007,39(2):345-365.
[11]
Fleishman L, Feitelson E, Salomon I. The role of cultural and demographic diversity in crowding perception:Evidence from nature reserves in Israel[J]. Tourism Analysis, 2004,9(2):23-40.
[12]
Arnberger A, Haider W. Would you displace? It depends! A multivariate visual approach to intended displacement from an urban forest trail[J]. Journal of Leisure Research, 2007,39(2):345-365.
[18]
Pons F, Laroche M. Cross-cultural differences in crowd assessment[J]. Journal of Business Research, 2007,60(3):269-276.
[13]
Arthaud-Day M L, Rode J C, Mooney C H. The subjective well-being construct:A test of its convergent, discriminant, and factorial validity[J]. Social Indicators Research, 2005,74(3):445-476.
[12]
Arnberger A, Haider W. Would you displace? It depends! A multivariate visual approach to intended displacement from an urban forest trail[J]. Journal of Leisure Research, 2007,39(2):345-365.
[13]
Arthaud-Day M L, Rode J C, Mooney C H. The subjective well-being construct:A test of its convergent, discriminant, and factorial validity[J]. Social Indicators Research, 2005,74(3):445-476.
[19]
Wohlwill J F. Human adaptation to levels of environmental stimulation[J]. Human Ecology, 1974,2(2):127-147.
[14]
Diener E, Suh E M, Lucas R E, et al. Subjective well-being:Three decades of progress[J]. Psychological Bulletin, 1999,125(2):276-302.
[13]
Arthaud-Day M L, Rode J C, Mooney C H. The subjective well-being construct:A test of its convergent, discriminant, and factorial validity[J]. Social Indicators Research, 2005,74(3):445-476.
[14]
Diener E, Suh E M, Lucas R E, et al. Subjective well-being:Three decades of progress[J]. Psychological Bulletin, 1999,125(2):276-302.
[20]
Mehrabian A, Russell J A. An Approach to Environmental Psychology[M]. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 1974:62-65.
[15]
李风琴,杨效忠.世界遗产地西湖的物理拥挤和心理拥挤关系[J]. 地理科学,2017,37(1):102-109.[Li Fengqin, Yang Xiaozhong. Relationship between physical and psychological crowding in the world heritage-west lake[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017,37(1):102-109.]
[14]
Diener E, Suh E M, Lucas R E, et al. Subjective well-being:Three decades of progress[J]. Psychological Bulletin, 1999,125(2):276-302.
[15]
李风琴,杨效忠.世界遗产地西湖的物理拥挤和心理拥挤关系[J]. 地理科学,2017,37(1):102-109.[Li Fengqin, Yang Xiaozhong. Relationship between physical and psychological crowding in the world heritage-west lake[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017,37(1):102-109.]
[21]
Eroglu S A, Machleit K, Barr T F. Perceived retail crowding and shopping satisfaction:The role of shopping values[J]. Journal of Business Research, 2005,58(8):1146-1153.
[16]
Lee Y K, Lee C K, Lee S K, et al. Festivalscapes and patrons' emotions, satisfaction, and loyalty[J]. Journal of Business Research, 2008,61(1):56-64.
[15]
李风琴,杨效忠.世界遗产地西湖的物理拥挤和心理拥挤关系[J]. 地理科学,2017,37(1):102-109.[Li Fengqin, Yang Xiaozhong. Relationship between physical and psychological crowding in the world heritage-west lake[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017,37(1):102-109.]
[16]
Lee Y K, Lee C K, Lee S K, et al. Festivalscapes and patrons' emotions, satisfaction, and loyalty[J]. Journal of Business Research, 2008,61(1):56-64.
[22]
Machleit K A, Erouglu S A, Mantel S P. Perceived retail crowding and shopping satisfaction:What modifies this relationship[J]. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 2000,9(1):29-42.
[17]
Yoon Y, Lee J, Lee C. Measuring festival quality and value affecting visitors' satisfaction and loyalty using a structural approach[J]. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2010,29(2):335-342.
[16]
Lee Y K, Lee C K, Lee S K, et al. Festivalscapes and patrons' emotions, satisfaction, and loyalty[J]. Journal of Business Research, 2008,61(1):56-64.
[17]
Yoon Y, Lee J, Lee C. Measuring festival quality and value affecting visitors' satisfaction and loyalty using a structural approach[J]. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2010,29(2):335-342.
[23]
Dohee K, Choong-Ki L M. Joseph Sirgy. Examining the differential impact of human crowding versus spatial crowding on visitor satisfaction at a festival[J]. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 2016,33(3):293-312.
[18]
Pons F, Laroche M. Cross-cultural differences in crowd assessment[J]. Journal of Business Research, 2007,60(3):269-276.
[17]
Yoon Y, Lee J, Lee C. Measuring festival quality and value affecting visitors' satisfaction and loyalty using a structural approach[J]. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2010,29(2):335-342.
[18]
Pons F, Laroche M. Cross-cultural differences in crowd assessment[J]. Journal of Business Research, 2007,60(3):269-276.
[24]
Wu C, Luan C C. Exploring crowding effects on collectivists' emotions and purchase intention of durable and non-durable goods in East Asian night markets[J]. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 2007,20(1):5-18.
[19]
Wohlwill J F. Human adaptation to levels of environmental stimulation[J]. Human Ecology, 1974,2(2):127-147.
[18]
Pons F, Laroche M. Cross-cultural differences in crowd assessment[J]. Journal of Business Research, 2007,60(3):269-276.
[19]
Wohlwill J F. Human adaptation to levels of environmental stimulation[J]. Human Ecology, 1974,2(2):127-147.
[25]
Pons F, Laroche M, Mourali M. Consumer reactions to crowded retail settings:Cross-cultural differences between North America and the Middle East[J]. Psychology and Marketing, 2006,23(7):555-572.
[20]
Mehrabian A, Russell J A. An Approach to Environmental Psychology[M]. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 1974:62-65.
[19]
Wohlwill J F. Human adaptation to levels of environmental stimulation[J]. Human Ecology, 1974,2(2):127-147.
[26]
Popp M. Positive and negative urban tourist crowding:Florence, Italy[J]. Tourism Geographies, 2012,14(1):50-72.
[20]
Mehrabian A, Russell J A. An Approach to Environmental Psychology[M]. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 1974:62-65.
[21]
Eroglu S A, Machleit K, Barr T F. Perceived retail crowding and shopping satisfaction:The role of shopping values[J]. Journal of Business Research, 2005,58(8):1146-1153.
[20]
Mehrabian A, Russell J A. An Approach to Environmental Psychology[M]. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 1974:62-65.
[21]
Eroglu S A, Machleit K, Barr T F. Perceived retail crowding and shopping satisfaction:The role of shopping values[J]. Journal of Business Research, 2005,58(8):1146-1153.
[27]
周杨,何军红,荣浩.我国乡村旅游中的游客满意度评估及影响因素分析[J].经济管理,2016,38(7):156-166.[Zhou Yang, He Junhong, Rong Hao. Satisfaction evaluation of tourist and influence factors analysis in rural tourism[J]. Economic Management, 2016, 38(7):156-166.]
[22]
Machleit K A, Erouglu S A, Mantel S P. Perceived retail crowding and shopping satisfaction:What modifies this relationship[J]. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 2000,9(1):29-42.
[21]
Eroglu S A, Machleit K, Barr T F. Perceived retail crowding and shopping satisfaction:The role of shopping values[J]. Journal of Business Research, 2005,58(8):1146-1153.
[22]
Machleit K A, Erouglu S A, Mantel S P. Perceived retail crowding and shopping satisfaction:What modifies this relationship[J]. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 2000,9(1):29-42.
[28]
Mano H, Oliver R L. Assessing the dimensionality and structure of the consumption experience:Evaluation, feeling, and satisfaction[J]. Journal of Consumer Research, 1993,20(3):451-466.
[23]
Dohee K, Choong-Ki L M. Joseph Sirgy. Examining the differential impact of human crowding versus spatial crowding on visitor satisfaction at a festival[J]. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 2016,33(3):293-312.
[22]
Machleit K A, Erouglu S A, Mantel S P. Perceived retail crowding and shopping satisfaction:What modifies this relationship[J]. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 2000,9(1):29-42.
[23]
Dohee K, Choong-Ki L M. Joseph Sirgy. Examining the differential impact of human crowding versus spatial crowding on visitor satisfaction at a festival[J]. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 2016,33(3):293-312.
[29]
Machleit K A, Mantel S P. Emotional response and shopping satisfaction:Moderating effects of shopper attributions[J]. Journal of Business Research, 2001,54(2):97-106.
[24]
Wu C, Luan C C. Exploring crowding effects on collectivists' emotions and purchase intention of durable and non-durable goods in East Asian night markets[J]. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 2007,20(1):5-18.
[23]
Dohee K, Choong-Ki L M. Joseph Sirgy. Examining the differential impact of human crowding versus spatial crowding on visitor satisfaction at a festival[J]. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 2016,33(3):293-312.
[24]
Wu C, Luan C C. Exploring crowding effects on collectivists' emotions and purchase intention of durable and non-durable goods in East Asian night markets[J]. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 2007,20(1):5-18.
[30]
Bitner M. Servicescapes:The impact of physical surroundings on customers and employees[J]. Journal of Marketing, 1992,56(2):57-71.
[25]
Pons F, Laroche M, Mourali M. Consumer reactions to crowded retail settings:Cross-cultural differences between North America and the Middle East[J]. Psychology and Marketing, 2006,23(7):555-572.
[24]
Wu C, Luan C C. Exploring crowding effects on collectivists' emotions and purchase intention of durable and non-durable goods in East Asian night markets[J]. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 2007,20(1):5-18.
[25]
Pons F, Laroche M, Mourali M. Consumer reactions to crowded retail settings:Cross-cultural differences between North America and the Middle East[J]. Psychology and Marketing, 2006,23(7):555-572.
[26]
Popp M. Positive and negative urban tourist crowding:Florence, Italy[J]. Tourism Geographies, 2012,14(1):50-72.
[31]
Valle P O, Silva J A, Mendes J. Tourist satisfication and destination loyality intention:A structural and categorical analysis[J]. Journal of Business Science and Applied Management, 2006,1(1):25-44.
[25]
Pons F, Laroche M, Mourali M. Consumer reactions to crowded retail settings:Cross-cultural differences between North America and the Middle East[J]. Psychology and Marketing, 2006,23(7):555-572.
[26]
Popp M. Positive and negative urban tourist crowding:Florence, Italy[J]. Tourism Geographies, 2012,14(1):50-72.
[32]
Flavian C, Martinez E, Polo Y. Loyality to grocery stores in the Spanish market of the 1990s[J]. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 2001,8(2):85-93.
[27]
周杨,何军红,荣浩.我国乡村旅游中的游客满意度评估及影响因素分析[J].经济管理,2016,38(7):156-166.[Zhou Yang, He Junhong, Rong Hao. Satisfaction evaluation of tourist and influence factors analysis in rural tourism[J]. Economic Management, 2016, 38(7):156-166.]
[26]
Popp M. Positive and negative urban tourist crowding:Florence, Italy[J]. Tourism Geographies, 2012,14(1):50-72.
[27]
周杨,何军红,荣浩.我国乡村旅游中的游客满意度评估及影响因素分析[J].经济管理,2016,38(7):156-166.[Zhou Yang, He Junhong, Rong Hao. Satisfaction evaluation of tourist and influence factors analysis in rural tourism[J]. Economic Management, 2016, 38(7):156-166.]
[33]
Bigné J E, Sánchez M I, Sánchez J. Tourism image, evaluation variables and after purchase behavior:Inter-relationship[J]. Tourism Management, 2001,22(6):607-616.
[28]
Mano H, Oliver R L. Assessing the dimensionality and structure of the consumption experience:Evaluation, feeling, and satisfaction[J]. Journal of Consumer Research, 1993,20(3):451-466.
[27]
周杨,何军红,荣浩.我国乡村旅游中的游客满意度评估及影响因素分析[J].经济管理,2016,38(7):156-166.[Zhou Yang, He Junhong, Rong Hao. Satisfaction evaluation of tourist and influence factors analysis in rural tourism[J]. Economic Management, 2016, 38(7):156-166.]
[28]
Mano H, Oliver R L. Assessing the dimensionality and structure of the consumption experience:Evaluation, feeling, and satisfaction[J]. Journal of Consumer Research, 1993,20(3):451-466.
[34]
Bowen D. Antecedents of consumer satisfaction and dissatisfaction (CS/D) on long-haul inclusive tours-a reality check on theoretical considerations[J]. Tourism Management, 2001,22(1):49-61.
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Machleit K A, Mantel S P. Emotional response and shopping satisfaction:Moderating effects of shopper attributions[J]. Journal of Business Research, 2001,54(2):97-106.
[28]
Mano H, Oliver R L. Assessing the dimensionality and structure of the consumption experience:Evaluation, feeling, and satisfaction[J]. Journal of Consumer Research, 1993,20(3):451-466.
[29]
Machleit K A, Mantel S P. Emotional response and shopping satisfaction:Moderating effects of shopper attributions[J]. Journal of Business Research, 2001,54(2):97-106.
[30]
Bitner M. Servicescapes:The impact of physical surroundings on customers and employees[J]. Journal of Marketing, 1992,56(2):57-71.
[35]
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Machleit K A, Mantel S P. Emotional response and shopping satisfaction:Moderating effects of shopper attributions[J]. Journal of Business Research, 2001,54(2):97-106.
[30]
Bitner M. Servicescapes:The impact of physical surroundings on customers and employees[J]. Journal of Marketing, 1992,56(2):57-71.
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Jang S, Feng R. Temporal destination revisit intension:The effects of novelty seeking and satisfication[J]. Tourism Management, 2007, 28(2):580-590.
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Valle P O, Silva J A, Mendes J. Tourist satisfication and destination loyality intention:A structural and categorical analysis[J]. Journal of Business Science and Applied Management, 2006,1(1):25-44.
[30]
Bitner M. Servicescapes:The impact of physical surroundings on customers and employees[J]. Journal of Marketing, 1992,56(2):57-71.
[31]
Valle P O, Silva J A, Mendes J. Tourist satisfication and destination loyality intention:A structural and categorical analysis[J]. Journal of Business Science and Applied Management, 2006,1(1):25-44.
[37]
Chen J S, Gursov D. An investigation of tourists' destination loyalty and preferences[J]. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 2001,13(2):79-85.
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Flavian C, Martinez E, Polo Y. Loyality to grocery stores in the Spanish market of the 1990s[J]. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 2001,8(2):85-93.
[31]
Valle P O, Silva J A, Mendes J. Tourist satisfication and destination loyality intention:A structural and categorical analysis[J]. Journal of Business Science and Applied Management, 2006,1(1):25-44.
[32]
Flavian C, Martinez E, Polo Y. Loyality to grocery stores in the Spanish market of the 1990s[J]. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 2001,8(2):85-93.
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Font A R. Mass tourism and the demand for protected natural areas:A travel cost approach[J]. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 2000,39(1):97-116.
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[32]
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Machleit K A, Kellaris J J, Eroglu S A. Human versus spatial dimensions of crowding perceptions in retail environments:A note on their measurement and effect on shopper satisfaction[J]. Marketing Letters, 1994,5(2):183-194.
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Machleit K A, Kellaris J J, Eroglu S A. Human versus spatial dimensions of crowding perceptions in retail environments:A note on their measurement and effect on shopper satisfaction[J]. Marketing Letters, 1994,5(2):183-194.
[42]
Jones M Y, Vilches-Montero S, Spence M T. Do Australian and American consumers differ in their perceived shopping experiences[J]. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 2010,38(8):578-596.
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Watson D, Lee A C, Auke T. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect:The PANAS scales[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1988,54(6):1063-1070.
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Jones M Y, Vilches-Montero S, Spence M T. Do Australian and American consumers differ in their perceived shopping experiences[J]. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 2010,38(8):578-596.
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Watson D, Lee A C, Auke T. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect:The PANAS scales[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1988,54(6):1063-1070.
[44]
Du J G, Fan X C, Feng T J. Multiple emotional contagions in service encounters[J]. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 2011,39(3):449-466.
[49]
Kline R B. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling[M]. New York:Guiford Press, 1998:180-182.
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Watson D, Lee A C, Auke T. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect:The PANAS scales[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1988,54(6):1063-1070.
[44]
Du J G, Fan X C, Feng T J. Multiple emotional contagions in service encounters[J]. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 2011,39(3):449-466.
[45]
Cheema A, Andrew M K. The effect of need for uniqueness on word of mouth[J]. Journal of Marketing Research, 2010,47(3):553-563.
[44]
Du J G, Fan X C, Feng T J. Multiple emotional contagions in service encounters[J]. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 2011,39(3):449-466.
[45]
Cheema A, Andrew M K. The effect of need for uniqueness on word of mouth[J]. Journal of Marketing Research, 2010,47(3):553-563.
[46]
Churchill G A. A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs[J]. Journal of Marketing Research, 1979,16(1):64-73.
[45]
Cheema A, Andrew M K. The effect of need for uniqueness on word of mouth[J]. Journal of Marketing Research, 2010,47(3):553-563.
[46]
Churchill G A. A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs[J]. Journal of Marketing Research, 1979,16(1):64-73.
[47]
Anderson J C, Gerbing D W. Structural equation modeling in practice:A review and recommended two-step approach[J]. Psychological Bulletin, 1988,103(3):411-423.
[46]
Churchill G A. A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs[J]. Journal of Marketing Research, 1979,16(1):64-73.
[47]
Anderson J C, Gerbing D W. Structural equation modeling in practice:A review and recommended two-step approach[J]. Psychological Bulletin, 1988,103(3):411-423.
[48]
Fornell C, Larcker D F. Evaluating Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement errors[J]. Journal of Marketing Research, 1981,18(1):39-50.
[47]
Anderson J C, Gerbing D W. Structural equation modeling in practice:A review and recommended two-step approach[J]. Psychological Bulletin, 1988,103(3):411-423.
[48]
Fornell C, Larcker D F. Evaluating Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement errors[J]. Journal of Marketing Research, 1981,18(1):39-50.
[49]
Kline R B. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling[M]. New York:Guiford Press, 1998:180-182.
[48]
Fornell C, Larcker D F. Evaluating Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement errors[J]. Journal of Marketing Research, 1981,18(1):39-50.
[49]
Kline R B. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling[M]. New York:Guiford Press, 1998:180-182.
[49]
Kline R B. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling[M]. New York:Guiford Press, 1998:180-182.
2018, Vol. 33 
