Abstract：Optimization of rural areal system is one of the key points of rural spatial planning. Transportation is an important part of the formation of rural areal system. It is also a key indicator of the characteristics of rural areal system. This paper identifies and analyses the characteristics of rural areal system in China from the perspective of residents' travel behavior by using the survey data of rural residents in the national survey of small towns conducted by the Ministry of Housing and Construction in 2016. The results show that the village-town-county hierarchical system still dominates the countryside in China, which is a general characteristic. With the improvement of rural traffic network in some areas, the increase of villagers' car ownership and the extension of urban public transport to rural areas, the acceptance range of villagers' travel space cost is increasing. From the point of view of travel purposes, agricultural production and material supply are still dominated by village-town-county level. Towns are also the main shopping places for villagers. However, medical activities, entertainment and other activities between village and county are relatively more frequent, especially for residents living in developed areas in East China or residents living closer to the county or city. It shows that the township level in our country does not provide medical services that satisfy the villagers' trust at present. Nearly half of the surveyed villagers do not consume entertainment activities, which indicates that the function of providing entertainment activities may be lacking rural China. In addition, the survey data show that travel time of different purposes are maintained in 20 minutes, forming a 20-minute rural life circle. The average travel distance of residents with different travel purposes is significantly different, which confirms that different functions have different service space ranges. The service range of entertainment function is the largest, while the service range of catch-up function is the smallest. With the popularization of cars in countryside and the further improvement of rural road network, the travel range of rural residents is increasing.
吴传钧.论地理学的研究核心——人地关系地域系统[J]. 经济地理,1991,11(3):1-6.[Wu Chuanjun. The core of geographical study:Man-earth areal system[J]. Economic Geography, 1991,11(3):1-6.]
[2]
杨青山,梅林.人地关系、人地关系系统与人地关系地域系统[J]. 经济地理,2001,21(5):532-537.[Yang Qingshan, Mei Lin. Human-activity-geographical-environment relationship, its system and its regional system[J]. Economic Geography, 2001,21(5):532-537.]
[3]
叶岱夫.人地关系地域系统与可持续发展的相互作用机理初探[J]. 地理研究,2001,20(3):307-314.[Ye Daifu. The interactive mechanism of man-earth areal system and the sustainable development[J]. Geographical Research, 2001,20(3):307-314.]
[4]
刘彦随.中国新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴[J]. 地理学报,2018,73(4):637-650.[Liu Yansui. Research on the urban-rural integration and rural revitalization in the new era in China[J]. Acta Geographic Sinica, 2018,73(4):637-650.]
[5]
罗雅丽,张常新,刘卫东,等.镇村空间结构重构相关理论研究述评[J]. 地域研究与开发,2015,34(4):48-53,94.[Luo Yali, Zhang Changxin, Liu Weidong, et al. Review on relevant theoretical study of town-village spatial structure reconstruction[J]. Areal Research and Development, 2015,34(4):48-53,94.]
[6]
王成金,金凤君.中国交通运输地理学的研究进展与展望[J]. 地理科学进展,2005,24(6):66-78.[Wang Chengjin, Jin Fengjun. Research history and developing trend about geography of transportation in China[J]. Progress in Geography, 2005,24(6):66-78.]
[7]
Choi M, Schuster A M, Schoenberg N E. Solutions to the challenge of meeting rural transportation needs:Middle-aged and older adults' perspectives[J]. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 2019,62(4):415-431.
[8]
Wang Z Y, Sun S Z. Transportation infrastructure and rural development in China[J]. China Agricultural Economic Review, 2016,8(3):516-525.
[9]
刘彦随,刘玉.中国农村空心化问题研究的进展与展望[J]. 地理研究,2010,29(1):35-42.[Liu Yansui, Liu Yu. Progress and prospect on the study of rural hollowing in China[J]. Geographical Research, 2010,29(1):35-42.]
[10]
刘彦随,刘玉,翟荣新.中国农村空心化的地理学研究与整治实践[J]. 地理学报,2009,64(10):1193-1202.[Liu Yansui, Liu Yu, Zhai Rongxin. Geographical research and optimizing practice of rural hollowing in China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009,64(10):1193-1202.]
[11]
Ray C. Culture, intellectual property and territorial rural development[J]. Sociologia Ruralis, 1998,38(1):3-20.
[12]
Ray C. Neo-endogenous rural development in the EU[M]. Cloke P, Marsden T, Mooney P. Handbook of Rural Studies. London:Sage, 2006:278-291.
[13]
Friedmann J. The active community:Toward a political-territorial framework for rural development in Asia[J]. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1981,29(2):235-261.
[14]
臧玉珠,杨园园,曹智.大城市郊区乡村转型与重构的典型模式分析——以天津东丽区华明镇为例[J]. 地理研究,2019,38(3):713-724.[Zang Yuzhu, Yang Yuanyuan, Cao Zhi. Typical model of rural transformation and restructure in suburban areas:A case study of Huaming township in Dongli district, Tianjin city[J]. Geographical Research, 2019,38(3):713-724.]
[15]
周扬,郭远智,刘彦随.中国乡村地域类型及分区发展途径[J]. 地理研究,2019,38(3):467-481.[Zhou Yang, Guo Yuanzhi, Liu Yansui. Areal types and their development paths in rural China[J]. Geographical Research, 2019,38(3):467-481.]
[16]
刘自强,李静,鲁奇.乡村空间地域系统的功能多元化与新农村发展模式[J]. 农业现代化研究,2008,29(5):532-536.[Liu Ziqiang, Li Jing, Lu Qi. Functions diversification of rural spatial region system and new rural development model[J]. Research of Agricultural Modernization, 2008,29(5):532-536.]
[17]
Ricart S, Clarimont S. Modelling the links between irrigation, ecosystem services and rural development in pursuit of social legitimacy:Results from a territorial analysis of the Neste System (HautesPyrénées, France)[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 2016,43:1-12.
[18]
McDonnell M J, Pickett S T A. Ecosystem structure and function along urban-rural gradients:An unexploited opportunity for ecology[J]. Ecology, 1990,71(4):1232-1237.
[19]
刘慧.我国农村发展地域差异及类型划分[J]. 地理学与国土研究, 2002,18(4):71-75.[Liu Hui. Study on the regional disparities of rural development in China[J]. Geography and Territorial Research, 2002,18(4):71-75.]
[20]
牛剑平,杨春利,白永平.中国农村经济发展水平的区域差异分析[J]. 经济地理,2010,30(3):479-483.[Niu Jianping, Yang Chunli, Bai Yongping. Analysis of regional disparities of rural economic development level in China[J]. Economic Geography, 2010,30(3):479-483.]
[21]
唐林楠,刘玉,唐秀美.北京市城乡转型与乡村地域功能的时序特征及其关联性[J]. 人文地理,2016,31(6):123-129.[Tang Linnan, Liu Yu, Tang Xiumei. Temporal characteristics and coupling of urban-rural transformation and rural regional multifunction in Beijing:From 1978 to 2012[J]. Human Geography, 2016,31(6):123-129.]
[22]
李琳娜,璩路路,刘彦随.乡村地域多体系统识别方法及应用研究[J]. 地理研究,2019,38(3):563-577.[Li Linna, Qu Lulu, Liu Yansui. Research on identification method and application of rural regional multi-body system[J]. Geographical Research, 2019,38(3):563-577.]
[23]
刘彦随,周扬,李玉恒.中国乡村地域系统与乡村振兴战略[J]. 地理学报,2019,74(12):2511-2528.[Liu Yansui, Zhou Yang, Li Yuheng. Rural regional system and rural revitalization strategy in China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019,74(12):2511-2528.]
[24]
Morrill R, Cromartie J, Hart G. Metropolitan, urban, and rural commuting areas:Toward a better depiction of the United States settlement system[J]. Urban Geography, 1999,20(8):727-748.
[25]
Zhou G, He Y, Tang C, et al. Dynamic mechanism and present situation of rural settlement evolution in China[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2013,23(3):513-524.
[26]
朱晓翔,朱纪广,乔家君.国内乡村聚落研究进展与展望[J]. 人文地理,2016,31(1):33-41.[Zhu Xiaoxiang, Zhu Jiguang, Qiao Jiajun. Research progress and prospect on Chinese rural settlements[J]. Human Geography, 2016,31(1):33-41.]
[27]
张京祥,张小林,张伟.试论乡村聚落体系的规划组织[J]. 人文地理, 2002,17(1):85-96.[Zhang Jingxiang, Zhang Xiaolin, Zhang Wei. On planning organization of rural settlement system[J]. Human Geography, 2002,17(1):85-96.]
[28]
Michael W. Rural geography:Blurring boundaries and making connections[J]. Progress in Human Geography, 2009,33(6):849-858.
[29]
Berry B J L, Garrison W L. Recent developments of central place theory[J]. Papers in Regional Science, 1958,4(1):107-120.
[30]
Nutley S, Monitoring rural travel behaviour:A longitudinal study in northern ireland 1979-2001[J]. Journal of Transport Geography, 2005,13(3):247-263.
[31]
Hillman M, Whalley A. Energy and Personal Travel:Obstacles to Conservation[M]. London:Policy Studies Institute, 1983:304.
[32]
Van Leeuwen E S, Rietveld P. Spatial consumer behaviour in small and medium-sized towns[J]. Regional Studies, 2011,45(8):1107-1119.
[33]
Lennon S J, Baugh D, Chatterton J, et al. Clothing outshopping in a rural western community[J]. International IJC, 2007,11(4):369-374.
[34]
Powe N A, Hart T, Bek D. Market town centres in england:Meeting the challenge of maintaining their contemporary relevance[J]. Planning Practice & Research, 2009,24(3):301-319.
[35]
Schenk T A, Loffler G, Rauh J. Agent-based simulation of consumer behaviour in grocery shopping on a regional level[J]. Journal of Business Research, 2007,60(8):894-903.
[36]
韩茂莉.十里八村——近代山西乡村社会地理研究[M]. 北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2017:3-8.[Han Maoli. Shilibacun:Study on Social Geography of Rural Areas in Modern Shanxi[M]. Beijing:S D X Joint Publishing Company, 2017:3-8.]
[37]
黄莘绒,李红波,胡昊宇.乡村居民消费空间的特征及其影响机制——以南京"五朵金花" 为例[J]. 地域研究与开发,2018,37(4):162-167.[Huang Xinrong, Li Hongbo, Hu Haoyu. Spatial structure of rural residents' consumption and its influencing mechanism:A case of "five golden flowers" in Nanjing city[J]. Areal Research and Development, 2018,37(4):162-167.]
[38]
李伯华,刘沛林,张博野,等.欠发达地区农户消费行为空间结构演变特征——以湖北省黄冈市为例[J]. 地理科学进展,2011,30(4):452-462.[Li Bohua, Liu Peilin, Zhang Boye, et al. The evolution of spatial structure of rural households' consuming behaviors in undeveloped rural areas and its influencing factors:A case of Ercheng town in Hubei province[J]. Progress in Geography, 2011,30(4):452-462.]
[39]
吴江国,张小林,冀亚哲,等.县域尺度下交通对乡村聚落景观格局的影响研究——以宿州市埇桥区为例[J]. 人文地理,2013,28(1):110-115.[Wu Jiangguo, Zhang Xiaolin, Ji Yazhe, et al. Transports influence on rural settlement landscape pattern at county scale:A case study of Yongqiao of Suzhou[J]. Human Geography, 2013,28(1):110-115.]
[40]
杨忍.基于自然主控因子和道路可达性的广东省乡村聚落空间分布特征及影响因素[J]. 地理学报,2017,72(10):1859-1871.[Yang Ren. An analysis of rural settlement patterns and their effect mechanisms based on road traffic accessibility of Guangdong[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017,72(10):1859-1871.]
[41]
王武林,曹小曙,黄晓燕.1980-2010年中国乡村公路发展及其影响因素研究[J]. 经济地理,2013,33(3):22-27,51.[Wang Wulin, Cao Xiaoshu, Huang Xiaoyan. Research on rural road development in China and its impact factors from 1980 to 2010[J]. Economic Geography, 2013,33(3):22-27,51.]
[42]
杨忍,徐茜,余昌达.中国县域交通优势度与农村发展的空间协同性及影响机制解析[J]. 地理科学,2016,36(7):1017-1026.[Yang Ren, Xu Qian, Yu Changda. Spatial coupling cooperative analysis of transport superiority and rural development in China[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2016,36(7):1017-1026.]
[43]
龙花楼,屠爽爽.论乡村重构[J]. 地理学报,2017,72(4):563-576.[Long Hualou, Tu Shuangshuang. Rural restructuring:Theory, approach and research prospect[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017,72(4):563-576.]
[44]
龙花楼,屠爽爽.乡村重构的理论认知[J]. 地理科学进展,2018,37(5):581-590.[Long Hualou, Tu Shuangshuang. Theoretical thinking of rural restructuring[J]. Progress in Geography, 2018,37(5):581-590.]
[45]
李红波,胡晓亮,张小林,等.乡村空间辨析[J]. 地理科学进展,2018, 37(5):591-600.[Li Hongbo, Hu Xiaoliang, Zhang Xiaolin, et al. On the analysis of rural space[J]. Progress in Geography, 2018,37(5):591-600.]
[46]
余斌,卢燕,曾菊新,等.乡村生活空间研究进展及展望[J]. 地理科学,2017,37(3):375-385.[Yu Bin, Lu Yan, Zeng Juxin, et al. Progress and prospect on rural living space[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017,37(3):375-385.]
[47]
赵晖.说清小城镇——全国121个小城镇详细调查[M]. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2017:7-8.[Zhao Hui. Observation of 121 Small Towns in China[M]. Beijing:China Building Industry Press, 2017:7-8.]
[48]
惠怡安,张阳生,徐明,等.试论农村聚落的功能与适宜规模——以延安安塞县南沟流域为例[J]. 人文杂志,2010,54(3):183-187.[Hui Yi'an, Zhang Yangsheng, Xu Ming, et al. Research of rural settlement functions and appropriate scale:A case of Nangou basin in Ansai, Yan'an[J]. Journal of Humanities, 2010,54(3):183-187.]
