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15 February 2005, Volume 20 Issue 1
    

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  • QUALITY EVALUATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS IN A CITY SCALE——A CASE STUDY ON NANJING CITY
    LI Hua-sheng, XU Rui-xiang, GAO Zhong-gui, PENG Bu-zhuo
    HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2005, 20(1): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2005.01.001
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML   Knowledge map   Save
    Human settlements are the base for human existence and development. Their quality is not only directly related to human health, but also an important sign of society improvement and cultural development. This paper uses some associated methods of qualitative and quantitative, statistic and investigation, subjective and objective, and systematic analysis to study and analyze the theory, method and example of human settlements. The concept of human settlements has been analyzed from different aspects including space scale, implied meaning and system constitution. Some concepts related to quality of human settlements are discussed. Based on the generalized human settlement theories mentioned above, the paper chooses the scale of city from the scale-chain of human settlements, establishes evaluation model of quality of human settlements in scale of city, and analyzes the evaluation method of residential satisfaction of human settlements. This paper introduces general evaluation indexes systems of human settlements construction level in scale of city that includes the grade of system, the grade of subsystem, the grade of classify and the grade of indexes, and the grade of subsystem include network subsystem, nature subsystem, architecture subsystem and society subsystem. Taking Nanjing city as a case study, the paper establishes an evaluating indicator system of human settlement construction level, and designs questionnaire of residential satisfaction. Then statistic and investigative data about the quality of human settlements of Nanjing city have been analyzed. The result show:①The construction level of every subsystem of human settlements is improved year after year in Nanjing; ②The development of construction level is different. They are improved alternately. The network subsystem exceed others subsystem and become the most satisfactory subsystem in 2001, but the improving of the nature subsystem and society subsystem of construction level almost is stagnancy in recent; ③The network subsystem is the most satisfaction, the nature subsystem is the second satisfaction, and the architecture subsystem is the most dissatisfied.④The satisfaction to human settlements is under the subsystem of human settlements, the satisfaction of architecture subsystem is low further construction level, and the satisfaction of the network subsystem and nature subsystem is equal to the construction level.
  • A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE EXPLORATION OF THE DYNAMIC PATTERNS BETWEEN URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND URBAN TOURISM
    XU Hong-gang
    HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2005, 20(1): 6-9. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2005.01.002
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    Although many urban planners and policy makers have proposed urban tourism development as urban development and management tool, the effectiveness of theses urban tourism policies can be obtained without the understanding of the complex interactions between the tourism development and urban development. Tourism development and urban development are closely intertwined and interacting dynamically. In addition to that, both tourism development and urban development have demonstrated the non-linear development pattern. Therefore the various patterns demonstrating the non-linear behaviors between two have been observed in different geographical area or in different stage of tourism development and the effectiveness of the present urban tourism policies is questionable.
    The study has summarized some patterns of urban tourism and urban development such as tourism urbanization, metropolitan tourism development, suburban tourism development and decay of tourism town etc. Although tourism is recognized as one of the major forces for urbanization in many underdevelopment areas, unmanaged urbanization reduces the attractiveness of the tourism attractions and therefore limits further urbanization through tourism. Tourism is also used as a quick fix to the problem of urban decline. Yet the commercialization of the urban heritage and competition to hold the large events not only drain the financial capacity of the city but also has negative impact on the cultural heritage.
    It has been found out that tourism development and urban development not only reinforce each other but also constrain each other. The positive feedbacks which drives the growth of urban tourism and urban development and which provide supportive arguments to the tourism development polices are always constrained by the negative feedback loops brought out by the growth itself. Effective urban tourism polices have to target at taking proactive methods to eradiate the limiting structures and reinforce the positive feedback.
  • ANALYSIS AND STUDY ON COMPREHENSIVECOMPETITIVE POWER OF WESTERN 9 CITIES
    GUO Li-ping, SHEN Yu-fang
    HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2005, 20(1): 10-13. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2005.01.003
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    Since World Economy Forum (WEF) publish The Global Competitiveness Report in 1979, city competitiveness has become the focus of attention and studying at present. Today WEF and the International Institute for Management Development (IMD) act as two main organization studying competitiveness; they mainly study competitiveness among countries. Every year WEF publish The Global Competitiveness Report, whereas, IMD also publish The World Competitiveness Yearbook.
    A city is the growth pole of regional economy. So studying city competitiveness, especially competitiveness of big cities is very significant in knowledge economy times. Western economy of China grows very slowly, so under background of West Development, it is more important to discuss competitive power of western 9 cities. By studying on comprehensive competitiveness of western big cities, the paper hopes to know well whole development level and economic competitiveness of west big cities. This is very important to understand own power, find out their backwardness and formulate development stratagem to west big cities.
    The paper is divided into 5 parts. In the third part, study method and index system are put forward, according to facts, the paper chose factor analysis as basic method, chose 42 indexes to build up index system of west big cities. The fourth part is analysis and rank of comprehensive competitiveness. We got 5 main factors after 42 indexes which are primitive variable have been analyzed. At the basis of the former analysis, each of western 9 big cities has its comprehensive score of comprehensive competitiveness; we simply analyze and rank them. Then western 9 big cities are appraised by their characteristics and potential. By this study, we not only analyze and rank western 9 big cities, but also provide theory and method with changing city comprehensive competitiveness.
    The Author thinks that most fortune in a country mainly concentrates on cities,facing to drastic regional and international competition, it is very economic and realistic to study on how to improve city comprehensive competitiveness.
  • ANALYSIS ON CENTRICITY OF CAPITAL CITIES IN WESTERN REGION OF CHINA
    ZHANG Zhi-bin, JIN Mei-juan
    HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2005, 20(1): 14-18. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2005.01.004
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    Centricity is one of important concepts in urban Geography, which was originally brought forward and carried on an investigation into by a German famous geographer W.Christaller. It mainly measures the relative importance of a city as a provider of central goods and service for its peripheral region. On the early study, W.Christaller adopted phone index as a measurement unit and combined with the method of location quotient so as to judge the city's central status in the urban system. In recent years, a number of domestic scholars have inherited and developed the method, but on choosing the specific indexes in practice, they further considered the feature of China urban development, and made a great lot of researches on urban centricity. The result showed that the method is effective and feasible to judge the city's central status in the urban system. Their researches lay a good foundation of the centricity analysis of capital cities in western region of China in the article.On the basis of reviewing the relative researches on centricity at home and combining with the data from China statistical yearbook, the author respectively works out the centricity indexes of all capital cities except for Lasa city in western region in 1984,1995 and 2001.In light of the change of centricity index in different periods, the paper analyzes the variation of the central status of capital cities. According to the centricity indexes in 2001, it also try plotting out a centricity hierarchical system:the three cities of Chongqing, Chengdu, Xi'an are the first class which are to be deemed to be nationally influencing; the three cities of Kunming, Wulumuqi and Lanzhou are the second class which are considered regionally influencing; the other capital cities are the third class which are thought as respective province center. Finally, the paper makes an elementary judgment for tomorrow-spatial pattern of capital cities in western region of China. The paper covers five parts:①the status in quo of capital cities development in western region of China, ②the retrospection of urban centricity research at home, ③the choice of relative indexes and model, ④the centricity analysis of capital cities in western region, ⑤the issues to study further.
  • INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE & THE URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION IN CHINA
    HU Jun, SUN Li
    HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2005, 20(1): 19-23. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2005.01.005
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    The deviation between the degree of urban development and the degree of economic development shows that we should not put the economic field in limit when analyzing the development of cities and the evolution of spatial structure. We should attempt to find the new factors that influence the development of cities and the evolution of spatial structure to explain this phenomenon. This paper regards the institution as an important factor and put it into the theoretic model about the changing institution and the urban development. Then the thesis applies this model to analyze the influence of the institutional change from 1949 to 1998 on the urban development and the evolution of spatial structure according to the macro-aspect and micro-aspect. Unlike the development model of cities in western world which is promoted by market economy,the growth and structural evolution of Chinese cities are promoted mainly by institutional changes. After reform and opening policy,the rapid development of Chinese cities and the rapid spatial structure changes are due to the inspiration function coming from institutional change. But with the depth of reform and perfection of market economy system,the factors influencing the development and the evolution of spatial structure of Chinese cities will become more and more separate and the influence of institutional change will become more and more weaker,while the force of the market is becoming more and more stronger.
  • STUDY ON THE IMAGE ORIENTATION OF YANTAI IN THE NEW CENTURY
    LI Shi-tai, SUN Feng-hua, LI Qing-zhi
    HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2005, 20(1): 24-26,85. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2005.01.006
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    Competition among cities in the new century is increasingly intense. Cities without features are neither vital nor competitive. So whether the orientation of urban image is reasonable will have a far-reaching influence on the development of a city. Yantai city is one of the fourteen coastal cities that are firstly opened to the outside world. But it copies too much of other urban image orientation and lacks the feature of its own. Thus its further development is severely restricted. The facts that yantai city has favorable conditions and a long history for the growth of grapes, the well-known trademark in the wine industry, enormous group of enterprises, first-class wine production bases and the only wine culture museum. Thus the image of Yantai in the new century is oriented that it should be an international wine city. The orientation will not only promote the development of Yantai, but also strengthen the wine enterprises. Especially it is beneficial to the development of the three industries and thus propels the overall development of Yantai's economy forward. The specific proposition, building an modernization international wine city, is finally brought forward. Based on the facts that Yantai should focus on the development of agricultural industrialization and local products, the government should pay more attention to optimization and concordance, and depend on group notability to develop wine tourism, promote the specification of wine festival and create an all-round image of wine city.
  • STUDIES ON THE RELATION BETWEEN TRANSPORT INVESTMENT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND REGIONAL IMPACTS OF TRANSPORT IMPROVEMENT
    YU Yong-jun, LU Yu-qi
    HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2005, 20(1): 27-31. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2005.01.007
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    The link between transport investment and economic development is so complicate that there is no received conclusion of it. This study indicates that three sets of necessary conditions must be present to allow economic development to take place. The first condition is the presence of underlying positive economic externalities, such as agglomeration and labor market economics, the availability of a good quality labor force. The second conditions are investment factors which relate to the availability and scales of funds for the investment, and its location, the network effects, and the actual timing of the investment. The third constitutes are political factors, which are related to the broader policy environment within which transport decision must be taken. These three necessary conditions individually will have little or no impact on development. Even if they are combined on a pair-wise basis their effect will be limited.
    The relation between transport investment and other investments must be taken into account, because they are competitive each other. We use models to conclude that the transport investment must keep appropriate proportion with product investment to realize optimal economic development. If the equilibrium of them is broken, government must adjust investment to enhance the weak one.
    Accessibility is a common approach to measure the regional impact of a new transport infrastructure. Accessibility involves a combination of two elements:location on a surface relative to suitable destination, and the characteristics of the transport network or networks linking points on that surface. There is a wide variety of indicators to measure accessibility. We select three indicators that respond to different conceptualizations. The first one is weighted average travel times. The weighted average travel time between each node and all urban agglomerations is calculated taking as weight the mass of the centers. The second one is economic potential, which is a gravity-based measure model. According to this model, the level of opportunity between two nodes is positively related to the mass of the destination and inversely proportional to some power of the distance between both nodes. The indicator measures the economic potential of each place in each of the scenarios considered and the changes in potential caused by the new infrastructure. The third one is daily accessibility indicator, which consists of calculating the amount of population that can be reached from a node within a certain travel time limit. The time limit is usually established in 3 to 5 hours, so that it is possible to go and return within the day and carry out an activity at the visit location. The three indicators handle the distance (travel time) in a different way that the economic potential indicator has distance decay and others has not.
  • EXPLORING NEW METHODS IN THE PROCESS OF STUDYING REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM
    WU Chao, WEI Qing-quan
    HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2005, 20(1): 32-36. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2005.01.008
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    Regional development is a kind of open complicated huge system. The progresses of study methodologies of the systematic Science can bring enlightenment into the studying of regional development. The first purpose of this article is to review the traditional systematic methods which have been used in regional research since 1950s'. The second purpose of this article is to generalize the newest progresses in the study of System science since 1990s', and discuss the probability of introducing the method of "Hall for workshop of Metasynthetic Engineering" (HWME), one of the newest methodologies of System science, into the regional study in quo. Accordingly, this article is composed of three parts.In the first part, the author firstly reviewed the so-called "Hard systematic methods", including of "System Analysis" (SA), "Engineering System" (ES) and "Operation Research" (OR), which has been introduced into the study of regional development since 1950s'. In the second part of this article, the author summarized the newest progress of the study methods in the System Science since 1990s', and pointed out that some important studies, including of "Artificial Intelligence" and "Public Decision-making System" taking advantages of the information and internet technology of present age, had explored new methods of studying huge completed systems. Especially, the author introduced the "HWME" which has been brought forward by Qian Xue-Shen in 1992, and indicated that the "HWME" system will shed light on the study of regional coordinated development.In the third part of this article, the author tried to design a new "HWME" system of regional development, which is composed of three main halls for workshop. Firstly, the main functions of the hall for workshop of experts' consultation include of generalizing experiments, analyzing problems, and planning the future's blueprints of the regional development in virtue of the experts' wisdom and the computer's computing ability. Secondly, the hall for workshop of decision-making is set for organizing the whole work of the "HWME" system, evaluating the work of experts' consultation and public participation, and constituting the strategies of regional development. Thirdly, the hall for workshop of public participation offers a place for public to give some comments and make some suggestions on the regional development. At last, this article did some exploration on the implementation of the "HWME" system of the regional development.
  • RESEARCH ON REGIONAL TYPE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF MARINE PLANNING
    LUAN Wei-xin
    HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2005, 20(1): 37-41. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2005.01.009
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    Marine planning is one type of zoning, which is making a total disposition of marine economic development and marine resources exploitation on a certain district. With the quick development of our country's marine economy, we need badly to strengthen the study on marine planning, so as to speed up the exploitation of marine resources, promote the reasonable layout of economy and adjustment of industry structure of coastal area, try hard to make marine economy industries to be the new increasing spot of national economy, and also change the fact that our country's marine planning falls behind seriously. The author puts forward that we should, according to the geography coverage, divide the marine planning into four parts:international and comprehensive marine planning, national grade marine planning, provincial grade marine planning and municipal marine planning. ①The international coastal management planning is more strategic, and stresses on global strategy and action planning, so as to ensure the unitary action of coastal country. ②The main task of the national grade marine planning is to definite the action arrangement, aim, principal, and target, and with the target of the effective planning frame, put out a more clear and detailed development direction for the provincial, municipal, and regional grade area. ③The provincial grade marine planning can make a total frame for the development of coastal terrestrial area and inshore area, and carry out the guiding principal that the national grade has made. ④The municipal grade marine planning generally covers 10 to 100 km along the coastline, which usually has been left to resolve some special problems, and exploited as special areas now or in the future.
  • THE TIME-SPACE-COUPLING LAWS IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT
    WU Dian-ting, WANG Xin
    HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2005, 20(1): 42-44,112. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2005.01.010
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    Obviously, there are some time-process and space-layer regular patterns in tourism development. In this article, the coupling characteristics of time and space regular patterns are discussed, both supply and demand being thought over. That means, with the lever of tourism development and the height of the area's layer become higher and higher, tourism will show some regular patterns. For some example, the development of tourism resources will turn from eyeless development to development with emphases to wide development to development with innovation. The development of tourism production will turn from resources development to simulate development to market induced development and at last to development inducing the market. The relation between tourism and environment will turn from oppose with each other to promote with each other to development cooperated with each other. The speed and quality of tourism will turn from high speed and low quality to middle speed and low quality to steady speed and high quality. The competition of tourism enterprises will turn from price competition to quality competition to culture competition. At the beginning, the tourism development will be dominated by the government, and then by both government and enterprises, and at last by enterprises. And at the same time, we find that the higher the area's layer is, the more advanced mode in tourism development would be emphasized. According to the practices in tourism plan of some areas in different layers such as Anxi county, Jiuquan district, Gansu province and West China, the existence of time-space-coupling mode is investigated. And then a time-space-united frame was put forward for tourism development and management.
  • ORIGINAL STUDYING ON UNIVERSITY CAMPUS TOURISM
    ZHU Hong, TIAN Mei-rong, OU Yang-ying
    HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2005, 20(1): 45-48. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2005.01.011
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    Today, more and more people visit a famous university if they come to the city. University campus tourism has become a part of urban cultural tourism. And it will be an important segment of urban tourism in the future. But in china, the relation between college and tourism is little. There is little attention has been paid to the essentiality of this relationship. Under this background, this article analyses the developing background and studying actuality of College Tourism which is based on defining College Tourism. And pointing out that the content and form of College Tourism include Sightseeing、Conference Tourism、Visiting Relation and Friend、Learning Tourism、Gym Tourism、Science Tourism and Event Tourism and so on. College Tourism has several traits such as it is an efficiency factor and extending of Urban Tourism, it is an important form and content of Culture Tourism, it is a tourism form which has more preferably synthesis, and a new special type tourism and so forth. In the last, it put forward corresponding settle method based on discussing the present problem and the negative influence of College tourism.
  • A SSM ANALYSIS ON RATIONALITY OF SECTOR STRUCTURE OF TOURISM INDUSTRY
    YANG Xin-jun, MA Xiao-long, HUO Yun-pei
    HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2005, 20(1): 49-52. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2005.01.012
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    Tourism income is very important to the development of the district economy. Several sectors are included in the tourism industry, a rational sector structure can increase the tourism income highly. To pursue the rational sector structure, based on the annual statistical data from the tourism annals of Shaanxi province, the sector structure of oversea tourism industry in Shaanxi is analyzed as a case by using Shift-share Method. Three indexes of tourism industry are calculated that include share, structure shift and competitive shift respectively. Then their location in the coordinate is depicted, with this figure, different sectors which include long-distance transportation, visitation, hotel, drinking(cuisine), merchandise shopping, entertainment, posting(telecom), municipal transportation can be analyzed in detail. The result of this analysis indicates that in the sector of tourism industry of Shaanxi Province, well-based, strong-competitive sectors include merchandise shopping, posting(telecom) and municipal transporting; well-based but less-developed, comparatively well-competitive sectors include hotel and drinking(cuisine), well-based but weak-competitive sectors include long-distance transportation, itinerary and recreation. Then, based on the analysis of developing condition of different sectors, their respective strategy and measurement is given.At last, application of Shift-share Analysis Method is assessed. The author think that even the method of SSM belong to a description mode that cannot be used to explain the cause of sector structure, but the analyzing results are reliable. As a comprehensive and dynamic method, this method has its superiority.it is useful in indicating the causes and mechanism of tourist sectors. Being one of the effective methods, it can be applied on confirming the main directions of inbound tourism industry in China.
  • DISCUSSIONS ON THE CORE COMPETITIVENESS OF TOURISM INDUSTRY
    CHENG Wei-guang, LI Zhi-gang, JIAN Wang-hua
    HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2005, 20(1): 53-56. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2005.01.013
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    It has great significance to study the competitiveness of tourism in Michael Porter's view. According to the point of his view, the key of an industrial competition is the internal factors of the industry. The core of industrial competition is competitiveness advantage, especially the formation and development of the comparative advantage. This comparative advantage shows a sort of diversity during the competition, that is the superiority of this regional resource or the advantage for industrial development.The key of tourism competitiveness is its internal factor-resource too. The characteristic resources are the competitive advantage of the region,The competitive ability of tourism summarizes resource. Because the products of tourism come from resources, tourism resource is exclusive, unique, immovable, unduplicated and so on. Tourism product based on those traits will form especial tourism attractions, and it will attract many tourists and develop the competitive advantage of tourism industry. So we can take a tourism attractions competitive ability as the core competition of tourism industry.Tourism product is the form of tourism industry. Because of the competitive degree, tourism product ultimately represented through selling tourism products. The tourism facility and service are the supplementary of tourism competition. Tourism facility is indispensable to satisfy tourists' touring and living. Popularly tourism facility is corresponding to tourism attractions, namely, the larger-scale tourism attractions; accordingly need the better tourism facility. Tourism service is the ligament of connecting tourist with tourism attraction. Tourism is one of industries, which require high-quality service. The service's quality will affect the tourism core competition. The key of an industrial competition is the formation and development of the comparative advantage, and so the service is an important innovation in developing tourism.Furthermore, the core competitive development of tourism industry is affected the policies of the government、its management、the stratagem of the enterprise and so on. In order to enhance the core competition effectively, we must consider various factors.
  • COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS IN CHINESE TOURISM INDUSTRY
    ZHU Ying-gao, WAN Xu-cai
    HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2005, 20(1): 57-61. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2005.01.014
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    This thesis makes a comprehensive assessment of international competitiveness of tourism industry in China by means of quantitative assessment approach. It, above all, structures the assessment index system of international competitiveness in tourism industry; then defines the ratio of each index system, and introduces the index quantification method; in the end, makes a quantitative assessment of international competitiveness of Chinese tourism industry and compares that with other countries. The thesis aims to improve the international competitiveness assessment effectiveness of tourism industry in China, aims to render a help to the deepening of theoretic research on international competitiveness of tourism industry and the formulating of tourism industry policy in China.
    In terms of international competitiveness of tourism industry, there is a great distance between China and the U.S.The international competitiveness index of the U.S.is 2.17 fold of that of China, distinguishly represented by social economic condition and international tourism performance. Compared with France Spain and Italy, there is still a distinctive disparity with the weakness of China lying in social economic condition and international tourism performance. Compared with Germany and Britain, China lags behind in the aspect of social economic condition. However, China is superior to Canada, Mexico, Austria and Greece in its comprehensive index with minor distance in certain index though.
    The conclusion of this article is that the international competitiveness of Chinese tourism industry is fairly strong ranked sixth in the world, however, compared with tourism developed countries, there is still great disparity. Unremitting efforts should be made in many aspects. First, the advantage of tourism resource should be fully developed so as to change tourism resource strength into tourism product strength; Second, overseas tourism market should be positively explored so as to change the strength of overseas tourism market into the strength of tourism reception and further into the strength of foreign currency creation. Third, the economic and environmental condition should be improved so as to change this weakness into strength, hence, enhance the international competitiveness of Chinese tourism industry on the whole.
  • RESEARCH ON THE MEASUREMENT OF TOURIST DESTINATION IMAGE BY APPLYING THE MODEL OF BENEFICIAL IMAGE——A CASE STUDY OF XI'AN & SHANGHAI
    BIAN Xian-hong, ZHANG Shu-fu
    HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2005, 20(1): 62-67. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2005.01.015
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    This article outlines the use of the so-called beneficial image as a framework for the analysis of tourist destination image for decision to visit a city for a vacation. The beneficial image is conceptualized as the image characteristics of a destination that subsequently influence tourists' decision to visit particular tourist destinations. In addition, the development of measurement in tourist destination image via a category-based approach is outlined. The proposed framework and method are used to assess the destination images of both XI'AN and Shanghai in China. The findings of the study have demonstrated that the effectiveness of the proposed conceptual and methodological frameworks, both at theoretical and practical levels. The aims of this study were:① to assess the usefulness of so-called beneficial image that influences the decision of potential tourists to visit Xi'an and Shanghai as tourist destinations, and ② to apply a category-based approach for operationalizing the beneficial image of a tourist destination.
    This study mainly relies on beneficial-image-model, un-constructed techniques, category-based approach, and content-analysis method to evaluate tourist destination image of two selected cities, which are Xi'an Shanghai. These particular cities were selected on the assumption that they differ in terms of culture, geographic location, economic development standard, and type of tourist destination. This study suggests that beneficial image attributes of functional, social, epistemic, and emotional values are those agreed by mostly respondents in Xi'an, and functional, epistemic, emotional, and conditional values are beneficial image attributes in Shanghai.
    The findings of this study suggest that Xi'an should reinforce most beneficial images in regard to attributes of destination in functional, social, epistemic, and emotional values of potential tourists. For Shanghai, the findings suggest that tourism management should highlight beneficial attributes in functional, epistemic, emotional, and conditional values that have been seen as most beneficial images. Although the findings have demonstrated the effectiveness of the beneficial-image-model and the category-based approach in measuring destination image, additional research is needed to verify the validity and reliability of the developed methods.
  • RESEARCH ON THE CONTENT AND METHOD OF THE CONSERVATION OF THE HISTORIC CULTURAL TOWNS & VILLAGES IN CHINA
    ZHAO Yong, ZHANG Jie, ZHANG Jin-he
    HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2005, 20(1): 68-74. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2005.01.016
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    Historic cultural towns villages are the important part in the conservation system of the heritage in China. These historic towns villages are the real recordation of the traditional culture, folk-custom and architectural art. However, with the rapid development of economy and rural urbanization, these towns and villages are short of a long-term and comprehensive planning and scientific effective conservation measures. As a result, these historic heritages and their surroundings are faced with a serious crisis and destroyed in a certain extent. The article reviews the conservation evolvement and the form of the conservation concept of the international and domestic historic towns villages. The overseas conservation research is very early and thorough. The authors think historic cultural town village is particular appellation in China and its characteristics are the value of history and culture. The authors point out the conservation of historic cultural towns villages is different form that of famous cities because of their different characteristics such as the cultural landscape, background region, historic evolution, industrial structure, settlement form and size, so the former don't imitate the latter simply. According the international development the heritage conservation object has changed from the cultural relic and monocase architecture into historic district, historic town and their surrounding. The paper puts forward the content of the conservation should include the vernacular architecture, cultural relic, street space, village shape, rural environment, country culture, neighborhood, country characteristic, aboriginal, behavior landscape and so on. The successful conservation of the historic towns and villages will keep up the natural and rural peculiarity, which is different from that of the big cities. As the conservation content relates to many aspects, the conservation activities such as protection, restoration, renovation, and revitalization require interdisciplinary participation and effort. From this point of the view, the authors propose that the method of the conservation of historic cultural towns and villages should make use of history, geography, architecture, sociology, landscape ecology and so on.
  • HUMANIZATION CONSTRUCTION OF URBAN PUBLIC SQUARE UNDER POSTMODERNISM
    MAO Guang-xiong, ZHU Guo-chuan
    HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2005, 20(1): 75-77,36. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2005.01.017
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    Urban public square is an open space. Its special common-shared effect as well as its related effect meets the demand of the modern urban people. Under the background, the construction of urban public square is surging vigorous mass campaign all over our country. However, influenced by the traditional urban design and plan ideas, this surge couldn't avoid falling into a lot of mistaken areas. In the current time, post-modernism, as a modern philosophy and culture trend in the West, mainly probes into the new feature, the new contradiction and the culture trend. Humanism is the essential spirit connotation of post-modernism. Post-modernism has penetrated into those related fields, which leads to the changes on the humanizing reform of urban spatial structure and urban capacity. On the basis of the situation, according to the demand and principle of human-based management, the authors put forward some suggestions to the mainstream of the humanizing construction of urban square in our country listed below. First, we should establish proper post-modern public administration system and enforce the control and guidance on urban square construction. Second, for the purpose of meeting the demands of the individual scope and population scale, we should take proper capacity of urban square into consideration and build urban square properly. Third, we ought to pay more attention to multi-function in capacity and systematic in location. At last, in order to emphasis on the characteristic and feature of the urban square, we need stick to the conceptions not only of ecological ethics but also of substantial development. Post-modernism has different contents and attitudes, which requires us to analysis in detail according to practical condition. This paper merely puts forward some simple suggestions on urban public square construction under the post-modernism.
  • STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CENTRAL PLAIN CULTURE AND REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS OF HENAN
    ZHAO Shu-ling, DING Deng-shan
    HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2005, 20(1): 78-80,67. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2005.01.018
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    With the speedy development of globalization, competition among states and regions is becoming increasingly fiercer. Making great efforts to promote its competitiveness becomes the most important task. Researches on the "State competitiveness" or "Regional competitiveness" provoke extensive interest of the world. More and more people have realized that regional culture is playing an important role in the regional competitiveness. Central Plain Culture is extensive and profound, which has long historical origins and had been exerted great influence on the development of economy in Henan, even on China. But it was gradually falling into decay because of economic and cultural centre moving to the southern China. After the People's Republic of China had been founded, especially after reform and opening, the Central Plain Culture came into renaissance. During the course of the modernization of Central Plain Culture, People in Central Plain succeeded to the excellent elements of the Central Plain Culture, endued it with modern equalities, and formed some active and enterprising cultural spirit. This spirit became strong psychic power to promote the development of economy in Henan province. However some inertia and locked effect caused by the negative factors of the Central Plain Culture brought adverse influence on regional competitiveness. This paper analyzed the meanings and the characteristics of Central Plain traditional Culture such as the orthodox and conservation thoughts, petty farmer consciousness, attached importance to agriculture and looked down business tradition, and so on. At last, some countermeasures and suggestion are given to re-energize the Central Plain Culture and to promote competitive ability of Henan province. It includes three parts, first, we must inherit the distillate of the Central Plain Culture, and syncretize it to the course of the globalization; second, innovative social cultural conditions must be fostered in order to promote conversion of the cultural conception; in the end, we should pay more attention to cultural construction and make great effort to build up a learning region.
  • QUANTITIVE RESEARCH OF REGIONAL MAN-LAND RELATIONSHIP
    QIAO Jia-jun
    HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2005, 20(1): 81-85. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2005.01.019
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    Man-land relationship is the key content of human geography research. Man-land relationship comes to the earth surface of natural and human elements interacting, both specialists in human geography and ones in physical geography have laid emphasis on the theme. In the West, it comes to many views, such as geography environment determinism, probablism, sightism, human bionomics, modulatism, and so on. However those present accomplishments are all short of concrete maneuverabilities after the author's appraising the later documents of regional man-land relationship. These characteristics consist of objectivity, regionalization, period characteristic, complexity, opening characteristic, dynamic relevancy, arrangement characteristic, adjustment characteristic and so on. Then the author gives man-land relationship's confine and research contents, including:① scientific base of selecting nature village after comparing household, nature village, town;②sample village on the bases of difference standards, such as different economic levels, different industrial structures, different ground types, and so on. ③data collection and disposal, such as physical data, investigating data, statistic data, and so on. data disposal including reasonable index system, statistic data spatialization and continuum and so on;④interior interacting mechanism of regional man-land relationship system, such as its state characterization, dynamic change analyzing, type comparation, track of man's influence on land, simulation and forecast of man-land system, finding out scientific scheme of the system and so on;⑤simple village analysis,describing the state of man-land system; ⑥comparatively study on many villages, describing the change, difference types, variety process and so on. At the last, the author puts forward that the research of man-land relationship is tremendous systems engineering, that any subject can't bring the question to success by oneself, we should adopt many subjects' advantages and study it from the angle of middle sight. However the research has to combine with related techniques in order to widen its fields and result in better results, such as Geographic Information System (GIS), Remote Sensing (RS), Global Position System (GPS), Expert System (ES), Virtual Reality (VR), Internet, Spatial Analysis (SA) and mapping technique and so on.
  • REGIONAL TRADE, INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND NATION COMPETITIVENESS
    ZHOU Huai-feng
    HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2005, 20(1): 86-89. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2005.01.020
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    As far as a big country is concerned, the relationship between regional trade and international trade can be concluded as:On one hand, regional trade and international trade can replace each other to some extent; and the two can promote each other on the other hand, and the development of regional trade can enhance nation Competitiveness.
    This article can be divided into three parts. The first part explores the replaceable relationship of the two kinds of trade. We suppose there are two regions in a big country; the endowments of the two countries and the regions are different. According to the comparative advantage theory, regional trade or international trade is inevitable, but the trade pattern is uncertain.
    The second part analyzes the promotional relationship of them.The article argue that international trade can promote the development of domestic regional trade on one side; on the other side, through regional trade, companies can enlarge production and realize economies of scale and external economies, domestic companies thus can lower the production cost and can enhance the competitiveness of the products. Thirdly, with the development of regional trade, the division of labor and specialization between the two regions make the rewards of companies increase progressively. Rewards increase progressively means higher productivity and lower production cost.All these factors can enhance the competitiveness of the products in international trade and thus heighten the nation competitiveness in the world.
    The third part takes the Unite States as an example to illustrate the important role that the domestic regional trade plays in nation competitiveness. Before independence, the amount of regional trade among the colonies was very small, after independence, regional trade took the place of international trade partly and grew very fast.
  • AN EXPLORATION IN THE STRUCTURE OF CHINA'S ECOLOGICAL TAXATIONS SYSTEM
    Qiang Xiao-an
    HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2005, 20(1): 90-94. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2005.01.021
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    The failure of market mechanism caused by vague property right, public goods and externalities is the economic root of environmental pollution. Therefore, it is a common way to solve this problem from economic perspective throughout the world. It has become an important content of taxation reform to protect environment through taxation or other taxation-related means. The global trend of ecological taxation has emerged. The ecological taxation is taxation system which means that government collects a certain amount of tax for the ecologically damaging actions including production action and consumption action to pay for environmental protection, thus to sustain ecological balance. Ecological taxation system comes into being accompanying the ecological deterioration caused by the rapid industrialization and people's gradual realization for its disastrous result. The failure of market mechanism in economic external effects is the theoretical base of ecological taxation. Compared with direct regulation, financial subsidy, charging for pollution discharge, license transaction for pollution discharge and sale of pollution permission, ecological taxation seems more simple, equitable, effective and world-accepted.It will become an important kind of taxation in 21st century, and also an ideal way of realizing environmental objectives.It can stimulate the improvement of enterprises' production technology, reduce the amount of polluted materials. It benefits the coordination of micro-economic efficiency and macro-economic efficiency. Based on the above-mentioned benefit which the ecological taxation brings, ecological taxation is highly appreciated by more and more countries in the world, and it is also a symbol of civilization degree of any nation. China's increasingly severe ecological environment, the absence of ecological taxation, the desire for attainment of sustainable development strategy and raising of the consciousness of citizen's environmental protection demand pressingly the establishment of China's ecological taxation system. Therefore, fundamental train of constructing China's ecological taxation system is to issue a complete ecological taxation law, reform the old tax items, create new tax items and attach importance to both rewards and punishments.
  • RESEARCH OF INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT IN THE NATIONAL-LEVEL DEVELOPMENT ZONE OF XI'AN
    WANG Yi
    HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2005, 20(1): 95-98. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2005.01.022
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    According to investment environmental definition made by World Bank, investment environments consist of macroscopical environment, systematic environment, quantity and quality of the infrastructures. Among them the macroscopical environment and system environment are called the soft environment; The quantity and quality of the infrastructures become the hard environment. Regarding this theory as guidelines, the author has analyzed the problems that exists in investment environment of the national-level development zone of Xi'an, and has put forward the corresponding policy advices.
    The national-level development zone of Xi'an obtained the enormous achievement after establishing, but so far, the deficiency from investment environment is increasingly obvious, mainly showing in the following aspects:Government's inefficiency makes the entry and exit of the market difficult; The international integrated degree is relatively low, which limits the innovation of management of the development zone and technological innovation; Development of financial service lags behind, and has restricted the development zone itself and further development of corporations in the zone; Lack of high-quality talents of foreign trade and economic cooperation has influenced the quality of the public service of development zone.
    The author of this text has offered the suggestion of improvement after analyzing these problems thoroughly:Reform the examination and approval system, remove the obstacle of the entry and exit of the market; Further investigate the characteristics of the trans-corporation, improve the international integrated level in Xi'an, realize the management innovation of development zone and technological innovation. Concrete content is:Improve the logistics level, strengthen industry's related matching ability, enhance market analysis and investigation, offer scientific basis for foreign investments; strengthen the financing ability of enterprises in the development zone, widen the capital source approaches; enhance the cultivation of high-quality talents concerning foreign affairs, and so on.
  • THE CULTIVATION OF THE SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE OF CIVIL AVIATION'S ENTERPRISES BASED ON RESOURCE-BASED THEORY
    WANG Xin-an, YANG Xiu-yun
    HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2005, 20(1): 99-102. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2005.01.023
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    In the resource-based theory of firm sustainable competitive advantage view, the resources of firms are heterogeneous and immobile; firms can obtain sustainable competitive advantage by occupying and exploiting their heterogeneous resources. In order to face severe competition and become winners in the competition of the world aviation market, and seek further development, obtain more interests, improve the position in the international competition, Chinese airlines must analyses their heterogeneity resources, and obtain more heterogeneity resource, and utilize heterogeneity resource that have already excite and potential efficiently, and cultivate their sustained competitive advantage through continually obtaining and exploiting these resources.
    The sustainable competitive advantage resources foundation of civil aviation enterprises are as follows:the airline resources, which are the lines net of the carrier service that is authorized by the government; resources of the code, which are the code name on each flight; names and symbols of the airline, which are trade marks of the airlines; the organization ability, which is a kind of advanced resource, and information system, manpower capital and corporate culture of civil aviation enterprises.
    The concrete countermeasure is:Combining international airline right, realizing the rational distribution of resources; strengthening the international strategic alliance, expanding the resource application scope; improving the cognition degree of the products; strengthening domestic cooperation, constructing airline network structure again; improving the resource utilization ratio, reducing the operation cost; setting up the corporate culture and organizational management, setting up one's own GDS and RMS.
  • AN EVALUATION IN SERVICE FUNCTIONS AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY FOR SMALL-MEDIUM SIZE TOURISM WEBSITE——THE CASE OF LEYOU OUTDOORS CLUB
    LU Zi, FAN Li-li
    HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2005, 20(1): 103-106. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2005.01.024
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    Small-medium size websites are the main body of on-line tourism-industrial systems and they affect greatly the growth of the whole e-tourism business. Based on the investigation of LeYou outdoors club and its website,a small company engaging in online tourism business, this article analyzes main service functions of such kinds of companies. The paper constructs two tourism website evaluation frameworks:tourism website function evaluation framework (6 main functions each contain a number of sub-factors) and customer satisfaction (4 evaluation categories) evaluation framework for tourism website. It then uses these frameworks to evaluate LeYou site. The paper tries to reveal the development of a new business model which may compete with existing operations. The lack of strategic business planning and their poor understanding of potential of Internet commerce mean that small-medium size websites are likely to face decline.
    Some academic research works dedicated to e-commerce consider that location is no longer a key element in gaining a competitive advantage. But we believe that geographical space can conquer e-consumers. It is clear that between the destination and the origin, location is going to become extremely important.Small-medium size websites have their points of sale close to their clients, and their favourite location are city-areas (CBD) or close to the focus of shopping and business areas in central places. The most outstanding pushing factors of influences can be separated into two groups:the internal factors of expected savings and economies; the external factors of pressure, information and advertising. LeYou club represented the type of a private, market-orientated enterprise. It will probably be involved in a more international competition in the world in the next years. The Macro-location will have a key position on this market.
  • STUDY ON THE SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF QINGDAO'S BUSSINESS CENTERS
    ZHAO Jian-jun
    HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2005, 20(1): 107-112. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2005.01.025
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    The study demonstrates that historical business centers have a variety of business functions and are always of street shape or block shape, but the newly-built centers have less business functions relatively and often have loosely-distributed commercial facilities. The study also indicates that owing to the government planning and the location of foreign retailing enterprises, the business belt is coming into being in the inner city and the business centers are germinating in the suburb, but the suburbanization of retailing has not started. Beside these, some RBD business centers are produced in the coastal belt, which is Qingdao's commercial character. The influential factors of the spatial structure of Qingdao's business centers include:the spatial distribution of people and their buying capacities; the amount and the spatial course of the circulating people; the change of the shopping behavior.
    The paper indicates progressively that the problems of Qingdao's spatial structure of business centers include:irrational location of the business centers and improper structure of business state; decline of the historical business centers; no well-known business centers for the visitors and imperfection of the shopping environment, etc. Based on the full use of the present commercial facilities, specialized business district should be built actively in historical business centers, so that the functional structure and business-state structure as well as spatial structure could be perfected gradually. In Zhongshan Road business center, RBD function should be stressed, making it a famous shopping center for the visitors. Finally, the shopping environment should be ameliorated, because the business centers' competitiveness depend not only on their commercial scale and business-state structure, but also on the infrastructure such as transportation, parking place, grassland and recreational square etc, which can enhance the business centers' comprehensive competitiveness and which is also a very important tool for the government to guide the commercial enterprises' location.
  • THE BORDER CITY'S SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT DIRECTION CHOICE FROM THE CHANGE OF POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY STRUCTURE——A CASE STUDY OF HARBIN CITY
    WANG Chun, LIN Jian
    HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2005, 20(1): 113-116,74. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2005.01.026
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    The choice of urban spatial development direction is the important aspect of urban development and planning. Commonly, before making a choice of urban spatial development direction, planners often analyze some factors just like nature, economics and transportation, and want to make a blue-print of urban spatial development direction, but analyzing from the aspect of political geography is infrequent. This article finds out that:Although the choice of urban spatial development direction about border city has been influenced by factors as mentioned before like nature, economy and transportation as other cities, it should be considered from national boundaries character, and political geography structure may become the most dominant aspect in some special period. The choice of urban spatial development direction of border city embodies the national strategy liability. But when the political geography structure comes to be stabilization, integrate effect of multifactor will arise remarkably. The choice of border city's spatial development direction should be adjusted to local conditions.
    From the example of Harbin city, we can clearly see the support of our point of view. City location, spatial structure and land use distribution of Harbin city can profoundly reflect different strategy purposes of different dominators. Accompanied by the change of political geography structure Harbin city's spatial development direction diverted. The beginning of liberation need Harbin city to support the liberation of all China, then the spatial development direction turned to the south of the city to establish some industry district to produce something that the liberation need. When the relationship between China and U. S. S. R. became worse, as a very important city of north-east China, Harbin city developed its land to south. It is clear that the change of political geography structure can lead to the change of Harbin's spatial development direction. When it comes to 21th century, many debates of choice of Harbin city's spatial development direction appears. we must consider multi-factor integrate affection, adjusting measures to Harbin city's conditions. It is not hard to find that in the future, Harbin city's spatial development direction should choose the south of the Songhuajiang River as the developing region. The north of the Songhuajiang region's development need more chances.
  • DYNAMIC EVOLVEMENT OF THE POPULATION AND THE SOCIAL ECONOMY GRAVITYCENTER IN CHINA
    XU Yue-qing, LI Shuang-cheng
    HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2005, 20(1): 117-120. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2005.01.027
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    Taking the conception and model of the regional gravity center and adopting the data collecting from each province (city or district) from 1978 to 2002, this paper calculates the population gravity center and the social economy gravity center yearly, figures out the dynamic evolvements of these two gravity centers and analyzes the dynamic change of the population and economy regional differences and their related causes and at the same time, makes a contrastive analysis of the dynamic evolvement tendencies of the two gravity centers. The results show that the population gravity center makes a slow and steady move to southwest China since the opening up and reform of the country, which indicates that the population distribution tends to equilibrium in the longitude direction, however, it is disequilibrium in the latitude direction. GDP gravity center also moves to southwest China from 1978 to 1991, which indicates that the economic development differences are lessening in the longitude direction, however they are widening in the latitude direction. From 1991 to 2002, the GDP center moves to the southeast, which indicates that the economy regional development differences are widening both in the latitude direction and the longitude direction. The secondary industry gravity center also moves to southwest, which indicates that the differences in the longitude direction is lessening, however it is a little widening in the latitude direction. But the third industry and the social consumption centers move to southeast all the while, which indicates that differences are widening in both directions. However the first industry dose not show obvious change because the first industry mainly consists of the agriculture industry and the whole agriculture development level is low. The agriculture production depends on much natural condition, which leads to the randomicity of the agriculture distribution. Against the geometry center of China, the regional differences in general are widening. Against the population center, the social economy takes on imbalanced development in the longitude direction; however it tends to balance in the latitude direction.
  • STUDY ON REDISTRIBUTION OF URBAN POPULATION IN XI'AN
    LI Jun-li, WANG Hui, CAO Ming-ming
    HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2005, 20(1): 121-125. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2005.01.028
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    The study on redistribution of urban population has always been paying more attention by the academe of domestic and overseas. Since 1980's, with the development of society and economy, the redistribution of urban population in Xi'an has made great changes. So this article makes the research on Xi'an's redistribution of urban population in order to offer some suggestions for urban planning branch to lead urban development reasonable. Based on the data gained from the China's third, fourth and fifth national census (1982,1990 and 2000), from different aspects of population, such as size, density, increasing character and transfer change in different zones, this paper makes a comprehensive study on the spatial redistribution of the population in Xi'an. Farther, reducing the analysis cell to street, village and town, this paper analyzes the difference of population redistribution more clearly. The authors find that Xi'an had formed the differential pattern of "City-core's population decrease, Inner-city and Sub-urban increase in high speed and Ex-urban increase in low speed" in the 1980s; in the 1990s, this pattern in Xi'an became more obvious. The authors select Newling model to forecast the trend of spatial distribution of population density of Xi'an. Through the regressions of spatial distribution Newling models of population density, the authors find that the population density in the City-core decreased constantly from 1982 to 2000 year, but did not form the lower vale in the end of 2000 year, the flood tide of population density in the City-core has the outward process trend, and the max of population density will distribute between rampart and the 2rd ring road in 2010. Lastly, this paper analyses the mechanisms of the redistribution of urban population in Xi'an. The end of this study shows that we should establish the land repaying system, reform the housing system and remake the old city, and carry out subrogation of the urban general planning and constructing and consummating of transport facilities and communication system.
  • ON THE DISTINCTIVE FUNCTION OF THE MIDDLE AREA OF CHINA IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
    WEI Xiao
    HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. 2005, 20(1): 126-128. https://doi.org/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2005.01.029
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    China is a country with a vast territory and diversity in environment. Population distribution and social economic standard have great difference in China. Bringing about coordinate development of area is a great strategic problem in modernize construction of our country. This paper analyses the superiority of the middle area, puts forward the distinctive function of the middle area in China sustainable development. It points out the middle area is the main food supply base of China sustainable development, the main water resources base, the main energy resources base,it is the link and the bridge of coordinate development of three big economic belts in China.
    The middle area is an important part of China sustainable development. Since special geographical position and special geographical environmental essential factors of the middle area, it is settled to have distinctive function in China sustainable development.
    China is emerging on the horizon; its development must be the advance of the whole of country. Only the eastern area developed. China will not change into a true world powerful nation forever. For this reason, with the development of the western area, we must put the development of the eastern area on the level of China developmental strategy. We must fully bring into play the distinctive function of the middle area of China in sustainable development, accelerate the coordinate development of regional economy and society, and further bring about the sustainable development of the whole country.
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