LOCALITY VS TRANSLOCALITY: ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF TRANSLOCAL LIVELIHOOD RESEARCH
HOU Xue-feng1,3, TAO Wei1,2
1. School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; 2. Center for Sustainable Development of Villages and Towns in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Marco Greater Bay Area, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; 3. Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
Abstract：Livelihood is intricately connected to rural development and rural research, playing a pivotal role in assisting rural households in poverty alleviation, examining agricultural dynamics, and addressing rural development issues. In the face of the increasingly tense contradiction between locally focused sustainable livelihood approaches and the fluidity of networked societies, the renowned livelihood scholar Scoones proposed that scale be considered a central element of livelihood approaches. This necessitates livelihood research to transcend the confines of local spaces and interpret livelihood from a translocal perspective, which has become the focal point and developmental direction of current livelihood research. Translocal livelihood has found wide applications in elucidating rural development, migration, resilience, climate change, and other domains, offering significant theoretical and practical value. This article systematically reviews the origins, essence, key elements, and research topics of translocal livelihood, and based on this groundwork, constructs a research framework for translocal livelihood, holding critical implications for advancing the paradigm of livelihood research and implementing rural revitalization strategies.
De Haan L, Zoomers A. Exploring the frontier of livelihoods research[J]. Development and Change, 2005,36(1):27-47.
[2]
McSweeney K. Forest product sale as natural insurance: The effects of household characteristics and the nature of shock in eastern Honduras[J]. Society and Natural Resources, 2004,17(1):39-56.
[3]
Bohle H G, Fünfgeld H. The political ecology of violence in eastern Sri Lanka[J]. Development and Change, 2007,38(4):665-687.
[4]
De Haan L J. Globalization, localization and sustainable livelihood [J]. Sociologia Ruralis, 2000,40(3):339-365.
[5]
Scoones I. Livelihoods perspectives and rural development[J]. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 2009,36(1):171-196.
[6]
苏芳,蒲欣冬,徐中民,等.生计资本与生计策略关系研究——以张掖市甘州区为例[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境,2009,19(6):119-125. [Su Fang, Pu Xindong, Xu Zhongmin, et al. Analysis about the relationship between livelihood capital and livelihood strategies: Take Ganzhou in Zhangye city as an example[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2009,19(6):119-125.]
[7]
成得礼.对中国城中村发展问题的再思考：基于失地农民可持续生计的角度[J]. 城市发展研究,2008,15(3):68-79. [Cheng Deli.Researchon the scientific development of urban village in China: In perspective of land-losing farmers'sustainable livelihoods[J]. Urban Development Studies, 2008,15(3):68-79.]
[8]
王成超,杨玉盛.基于农户生计演化的山地生态恢复研究综述[J]. 自然资源学报,2011,26(2):344-352.[Wang Chengchao,Yang Yusheng. Review of research on mountainous ecological restoration based on farmer household livelihood evolution[J].Journal of Natural Resources, 2011,26(2):344-352.]
[9]
张钦,赵雪雁,王亚茹,等.气候变化对农户的生计影响研究综述[J].中国农业资源与区划,2016,37(9):71-79. [Zhang Qin, Zhao Xueyan, Wang Yaru, et al.A review:Influence of climate change on farmer's livelihood [J]. Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resource and Region Planning, 2016,37(9):71-79.]
[10]
赵雪雁. 生计资本对农牧民生活满意度的影响——以甘南高原为例[J]. 地理研究,2011,30(4):687-698. [Zhao Xueyan. The impact of livelihood capital on the life satisfaction of peasants and herdsmen: A case of Gannan Plateau[J]. Geographical Research, 2011, 30(4):687-698.]
[11]
阎建忠,吴莹莹,张镱锂,等.青藏高原东部样带农牧民生计的多样化[J]. 地理学报,2009,64(2):221-233. [Yan Jianzhong, Wu Yingying, Zhang Yili, et al. Livelihood diversification of peasants and nomads of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009,64(2):221-233.]
[12]
崔晓明,杨新军.旅游地农户生计资本与社区可持续生计发展研究——以秦巴山区安康一区三县为例[J]. 人文地理,2018,33(2): 147-153.[Cui Xiaoming, Yang Xinjun. A research on farmers'livelihood assets and sustainable livelihoods development of community: A case study of Ankang in Qinling-bashan mountainous area [J]. Human Geography, 2018,33(2):147-153.]
[13]
何仁伟,刘邵权,陈国阶,等.中国农户可持续生计研究进展及趋向[J]. 地理科学进展,2013,32(4):657-670. [He Renwei, Liu Shaoquan, Chen Guojie, et al. Research progress and tendency of sustainable livelihoods for peasant household in China[J]. Progress in Geography, 2013,32(4):657-670.]
[14]
Chambers R. Revolutions in Development Inquiry[M]. London: Routledge, 2012:85-93.
[15]
Zoomers A, Westen G. Introduction: Translocal development, development corridors and development chains[J]. International Development Planning Review, 2011,33(4):45-54.
[16]
汪三贵,刘明月.从绝对贫困到相对贫困：理论关系、战略转变与政策重点[J].华南师范大学学报(社会科学版),2020(6):18-29,189. [Wang San'gui,Liu Mingyue.From absolute poverty to relative poverty: Theoretical relationships, strategic shifts and policy priorities [J].Journal of South China Normal University (Social Science Edition), 2020(6):18-29,189.]
[17]
刘彦随. 中国新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴[J]. 地理学报,2018, 73(4):637-650. [Liu Yansui. Research on the urban-rural integration and rural revitalization in the new era in China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018,73(4):637-650.]
[18]
左停,刘文婧,李博. 梯度推进与优化升级：脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴有效衔接研究[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2019(5):21-28. [ZuoTing, Liu Wenjing, Li Bo. Gradient promotion and optimization and upgrading: A study on the effective connection between poverty alleviation and Rural Revitalization[J]. Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University(Social Sciences Edition), 2019(5):21-28.]
[19]
赵雪雁.地理学视角的可持续生计研究：现状、问题与领域[J].地理研究,2017,36(10):1859-1872. [Zhao Xueyan. Sustainable livelihoods research from the perspective of geography: The present status, questions and priority areas[J]. Geographical Research, 2017, 36(10):1859-1872.]
[20]
魏雷,朱竑.地理学视角下非物质文化遗产的跨地方实践[J].地理学报,2022,77(2):492-504. [Wei Lei, Zhu Hong. The translocal practices of intangible cultural heritage in the perspective of geography [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2022,77(2):492-504.]
[21]
黄清燕,白凯.陕西袁家村跨地方的乡村性生产与呈现[J].地理研究,2020,39(4):922-938.[Huang Qingyan, Baikai. Translocal rurality production and presentation of Yuanjia village of Shanxi province[J].Geographical Research, 2020,39(4):922-938.]
[22]
Lohnert B, Steinbrink M. Rural and urban livelihoods: A translocal perspective in a South African context[J]. South African Geographical Journal, 2005,87(2):95-103.
[23]
Mitra A. Migration, livelihood and well-being: Evidence from Indian city slums[J]. Urban Studies, 2010,47(7):1371-1390.
[24]
Steinbrink M, Niedenführ H. Africa on the Move: Migration, Translocal Livelihoods and Rural Development in Sub-Saharan Africa[M]. Berlin: Springer Nature, 2019:124-136.
[25]
Chambers R, Conway G. Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: Practical Concepts for the 21St Century[M]. Brighton:Institute of Development Studies (UK), 1992:1-25.
[26]
林存贞,林李月,朱宇,等.跨地区生计视角下流动人口在流出地住房投资行为的时空特征[J].人文地理,2018,33(4):43-51. [Lin Cunzhen, Lin Liyue, Zhu Yu, et al. The time-space patterns of the migrants'housing investment behavior in their origin places under thel perspective of multi-locational livelihood[J]. Human Geography, 2018,33(4):43-51.]
[27]
De Haas H. Migration and development: A theoretical perspective [J]. International Migration Review, 2010,44(1):227-264.
[28]
McDowell C, De Haan A. Migration and sustainable livelihoods: A critical review of the literature[R]. Brighton: IDS Working Paper, 1997:1-30.
[29]
武文扬《. 2030年可持续发展议程》移徙目标的人权困境[J].人权, 2022(5): 156. [Wu Wenyang. Human rights dilemma of migration targets in the 2030 agenda for sustainable development[J]. Human Rights, 2022(5):156.]
[30]
Faist T. Transstaatliche Räume: Politik, Wirtschaft und Kultur in und zwischen Deutschland und der Türkei[M]. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 2000:89-91.
[31]
Bohle H G. Sustainable livelihood security. Evolution and application[M] //Pachauri R K, Gnacadja L, Cutajar M Z, et al. Facing Global Environmental Change: Environmental, Human, Energy, Food, Health and Water Security Concepts. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009:521-528.
[32]
后雪峰,陶伟.建构与批判：二战后西方边界研究进展及启示[J].地理科学进展, 2021, 40(7): 1246-1256. [Hou Xuefeng, Tao Wei. Construction and criticism: The progress and implication of Western border research after World War II[J]. Progress in Geography, 2021,40(7): 1246-1256.]
[33]
Verne J. Living Translocality: Space, Culture and Economy in Contemporary Swahili Trade[M]. New York: Steiner, 2012:211-218.
[34]
Gilman N. Modernization theory never dies[J]. History of Political Economy, 2018,50(S1):133-151.
周尚意,杨鸿雁,孔翔. 地方性形成机制的结构主义与人文主义分析——以798和M50两个艺术区在城市地方性塑造中的作用为例[J]. 地理研究,2011,30(9):1566-1576. [Zhou Shangyi, Yang Hongyan, Kong Xing, The structuralistic and humanistic mechanism of placeness:A case study of 798 and M50 art districts[J]. Geographical Research, 2011,30(9):1566-1576.].
[38]
朱竑,钱俊希,陈晓亮. 地方与认同：欧美人文地理学对地方的再认识[J]. 人文地理,2010,25(6):1-6.[Zhu Hong, Qian Junxi, Chen Xi-aoliang. Place and identity: The rethink of place of European American human geography[J]. Human Geography, 2010,25(6):16.]
[39]
黄文炜,袁振杰. 地方、地方性与城中村改造的社会文化考察——以猎德村为例[J]. 人文地理,2015,30(3):42-49.[Huang Wenwei,Yuan Zhenjie. Place, placeness and the soci-cultural investigation on urban village redevelopment: A case study of Liede villagel[J]. Human Geography, 2015,30(3):42-49.]
[40]
钱俊希,杨槿,朱竑. 现代性语境下地方性与身份认同的建构——以拉萨“藏漂”群体为例[J]. 地理学报, 2015,70(8):1281-1295. [Qian Junxi, Yang Jin, Zhu Hong. The construction of placeness and identity in the context of China's emerging modernity:A case study of Han Chinese "drifters" in Lhasa, Tibet[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(8):1281-1295.]
[41]
Oakes T, Schein L. Translocal China[M]. Oxford: Taylor & Francis Limited, 2005:75-86.
[42]
Freitag U, Von Oppen A. Translocality: The Study of Globalising Processes from a Southern Perspective[M]. Leiden: Brill, 2010:78-85.
[43]
Greiner C. Patterns of translocality: Migration, livelihoods and identities in Northwest Namibia[J]. Sociologus, 2010,60(2):131-161.
[44]
Hannerz U. Transnational Connections: Culture, People, Places[M]. Oxford: Taylor & Francis, 1996:5-12.
[45]
Appadurai A. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization[M]. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1996:32-45.
[46]
Greiner C. Migration, translocal networks and socio-economic stratification in Namibia[J]. Africa, 2011,81(4):606-627.
[47]
曾国军,刘梅,刘博,等. 跨地方饮食文化生产的过程研究──基于符号化的原真性视角[J]. 地理研究,2013,32(12):2366-2376. [Zeng Guojun, Liu Mei, Liu Bo, et al. Research on process to translocal restaurants'culture production: Based on the perspective of sym bolization of authenticity[J]. Geographical Research, 2013,32(12): 2366-2376.]
[48]
Steinbrink M. Leben Zwischen Land und Stadt[M]. Opladen: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2009:49-56.
[49]
袁振杰,朱竑.跨地方对话与地方重构——从“炼狱”到“天堂”的石门坎[J]. 人文地理,2013,28(2):53-60.[Yuan Zhenjie,Zhu Hong. Translocal dynamic and the local reconstruction: From"purgator"to"heaven"in Shimenkan[J].Human Geography, 2013,28(2):53-60.]
[50]
后雪峰,陶伟.可持续性VS政治经济学：西方农村生计方法研究进展与启示[J].经济地理,2024,44(2):145-155. [Hou Xuefeng, Tao Wei. Sustainability vspolitical economy: Research progress and implicationson Western rural livelihood approaches[J]. Economic Geography, 2024,44(2):145-155.]
[51]
王学基,沈世伟.乡村旅游地"城乡两栖"群体的跨地方适应[J].旅游学刊,2021,36(10):5-7. [Wang Xueji, Shen Shiwei. Cross-local adaptation of"urban and rural amphibious"groups in rural tourist destinations[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2021,36(10):5-7.]
[52]
King B. Spatialising livelihoods: Resource access and livelihood spaces in South Africa[J]. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 2011,36(2):297-313.
[53]
De Haan L. Livelihoods in development[J]. Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienne d'études du développement, 2017,38(1):22-38.
[54]
Steinbrink M, Niedenführ H. Afrika in Bewegung[M]. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 2017:124-156.
[55]
Geiser U. Understanding Poverty, Defining Interventions: Why Social Relations Need More Attention in Livelihoods Analyses and Why This Complicates Development Practice[M]. Leiden: Brill, 2017:13-43.
[56]
Ramisch J J. "Never at ease": Cellphones, multilocational households, and the metabolic rift in Western Kenya[J]. Agriculture and Human Values, 2016,33(4):979-995.
[57]
Bebbington A J, Batterbury S P J. Transnational livelihoods and landscapes: Political ecologies of globalization[J]. Ecumene, 2001, 8(4):369-380.
[58]
Long N. Translocal livelihoods, networks of family and community and remittances in central Peru[M]. Geneva and New York: International Organization for Migration and Social Science Research Council, 2008:37-68.
[59]
Rockenbauch T, Sakdapolrak P. Social networks and the resilience of rural communities in the Global South: A critical review and conceptual reflections[J]. Ecology and Society, 2017,22(1):15-30.
[60]
Scott J C. The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia[M]. Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1977:45-56.
[61]
Barrett C B, Reardon T, Webb P. Nonfarm income diversification and household livelihood strategies in rural Africa: Concepts, dynamics, and policy implications[J]. Food policy, 2001,26(4):315-331.
[62]
Little P D, Smith K, Cellarius B A, et al. Avoiding disaster: Diversification and risk management among East African herders[J]. Development and Change, 2001,32(3):401-433.
[63]
Benz A. Mobility, multilocality and translocal development: Changing livelihoods in the Karakoram[J]. Geographica Helvetica, 2014, 69(4):259-270.
[64]
Pries L. New Migration and Transnational Social Spaces[D]. Paris: Ashgate, Aidershot, 1999:102-137.
[65]
Islam M M, Herbeck J. Migration and translocal livelihoods of coastal small-scale fishers in Bangladesh[J]. The Journal of Development Studies, 2013,49(6):832-845.
[66]
Hunter L M, Luna J K, Norton R M. Environmental dimensions ofmigration[J]. Annual Review of Sociology, 2015,41(1):377-397.
[67]
Sakdapolrak P, Naruchaikusol S, Ober K, et al. Migration in a changing climate. Towards a translocal social resilience approach [J]. DIE ERDE-Journal of the Geographical Society of Berlin, 2016, 147(2):81-94.
[68]
Singh C. Migration as a driver of changing household structures: Implications for local livelihoods and adaptation[J]. Migration and Development, 2019,8(3):301-319.
[69]
Jacka T. Translocal family reproduction and agrarian change in China: A new analytical framework[J]. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 2018,45(7):1341-1359.
[70]
Green W N, Estes J. Translocal precarity: Labor and social reproduction in Cambodia[J]. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 2022,112(6):1726-1740.
[71]
Scheffran J, Marmer E, Sow P. Migration as a contribution to resilience and innovation in climate adaptation: Social networks and codevelopment in Northwest Africa[J]. Applied geography, 2012, 33(1):119-127.
[72]
Rigg J. Land, farming, livelihoods, and poverty: Rethinking the links in the rural South[J]. World Development, 2006, 34(1): 180-202.
[73]
Rockenbauch T, Sakdapolrak P, Sterly H. Beyond the localExploring the socio-spatial patterns of translocal network capital and its role in household resilience in Northeast Thailand[J]. Geoforum, 2019,107(1):154-167.
[74]
王克林,岳跃民,陈洪松,等. 科技扶贫与生态系统服务提升融合的机制与实现途径[J]. 中国科学院院刊,2020,35(10):1264-1272. [Wang Kelin,Yue Yueming,Chen Hongsong,et al.Mechanisms and realization pathways for integration of scientific poverty alleviation and ecosystem services enhancement[J]. Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2020,35(10):1264-1272.]
[75]
刘启超. 社会网络对农民工同乡聚居的影响研究[J]. 经济科学, 2020(2): 101-115. [Liu Qichao. Study on the effect of social network on homeplace-based settlement of rural-urban migrant population[J]. Economic Science, 2020(2):101-115.]
[76]
Freeman L. The development of social network analysis[J]. A Study in the Sociology of Science, 2004,1(687):159-167.
[77]
阎建忠,卓仁贵,谢德体,等.不同生计类型农户的土地利用——三峡库区典型村的实证研究[J].地理学报,2010,65(11):1401-1410. [Yan Jianzhong,Zhuo Rengui,Xie Deti, et al.Land use characters of farmers of different livelihood strategies: Cases in Three Gorges Reservoir Area [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2010,65(11):1401-1410.]
[78]
赵雪雁，张丽，江进德，等. 生态补偿对农户生计的影响：以甘南黄河水源补给区为例[J]. 地理研究,2013,32(3):531-542. [Zhao Xueyan, Zhang Li, Jiang Jinde, et al. The impact of ecological compensation on the peasants'livelihoods:A case of Huanghe River water supply area of Gannan[J]. Geographical Research, 2013,32(3): 531-542.]
[79]
陈秧分,刘彦随,杨忍.基于生计转型的中国农村居民点用地整治适宜区域[J]. 地理学报,2012,67(3):420-427.[Chen Yangfen, Liu Yansui, Yang Ren. Identification of China's suitable regions for rural residential land consolidation based on livelihoods transformation[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012,67(3):420-427.]
[80]
Chant S, Jones G A. Youth, gender and livelihoods in West Africa: Perspectives from Ghana and the Gambia[J]. Children's Geographies, 2005,3(2):185-199.
[81]
Porter G, Hampshire K, Abane A, et al. Mobility, education and livelihood trajectories for young people in rural Ghana: A gender perspective[J]. Children's Geographies, 2011,9(3-4):395-410.
