HOUSING CLASS AND ITS SOCIAL SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION IN BIG CITIES: A CASE STUDY OF NANJING
SONG Wei-xuan1, CUI Can2, YE Ling1,3, LIU Wei-chen1
1. Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; 2. School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; 3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Abstract：Under the background of the rapid rise in urban housing prices and the differentiation of the housing market in China, housing conditions can not only reflect family wealth, but also be closely related to the social status of housing owners, the education of future generations and class identity. This paper takes the quantity and level of housing as clustering indices,dividingthe samples into four categories: Landlord class, improvement class, necessity class and houseless class. The social attributes and spatial characteristics of different housing classesare analyzed and compared from the aspects of housing conditions, family structure, education level, occupational incomeand spatial distribution, etc. It is proposed that the joint effects of work unit institution, housing market mechanism, residential culture and spatial function promote the formation and differentiation of housing class in China's big cities. By integrating geographical thinking and spatial elements into traditional housing class theory and carrying out empirical exploration, it is preliminarily verified that the housing class differentiation in big cities objectively exists and continues to intensify
宋伟轩, 崔璨, 叶玲, 刘玮辰. 大城市住房阶层及其社会空间分异研究——以南京为例[J]. 人文地理, 2024, 39(3): 25-35.
SONG Wei-xuan, CUI Can, YE Ling, LIU Wei-chen. HOUSING CLASS AND ITS SOCIAL SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION IN BIG CITIES: A CASE STUDY OF NANJING. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, 2024, 39(3): 25-35.
Rex J, Moore R. Race, Community and Conflict:A Study of Sparkbrook[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1967:1-10.
[2]
Haddon R. A minority in a welfare state society:Location of west Indians in the London housing market[J]. New Atlantis, 1970,2(1):80-133.
[3]
Zavisca J R, Gerber T P. The socioeconomic, demographic, and political effects of housing in comparative perspective[J]. Annual Review of Sociology, 2016,42(1):347-367.
[4]
闵学勤.社会分层下的居住逻辑及其中国实践[J].开放时代,2012(1):110-118.[Min Xueqin. The logic of residence under social stratification and its practice in China[J]. Open Times, 2012(1):110-118.]
[5]
李强.转型时期城市"住房地位群体"[J].江苏社会科学,2009(4):42-53.[Li Qiang.Urban "housing groups of status" in transition[J]. Jiangsu Social Sciences, 2009(4):42-53.]
[6]
刘祖云,毛小平.中国城市住房分层:基于2010年广州市千户问卷调查[J].中国社会科学, 2012, 33(2):94-109.[Liu Zuyun, Mao Xiaoping. Housing stratification in urban China:A study based on a Guangzhou household questionnaire survey[J]. Social Sciences in China, 2012,33(2):94-109.]
[7]
陈杰.新型城镇化模式下的中国住房供应制度转型[J].中国发展,2016, 16(5):80-88.[Chen Jie. New urbanization model and the reform of housing provision system[J]. China Development, 2016,16(5):80-88.]
[8]
王丽艳,崔燚,宋顺锋.我国城市居民住房分化特征及其影响因素研究——基于天津市微观调查数据[J].城市发展研究,2018,25(4):116-124.[Wang Liyan, Cui Yi, Song Shunfeng. The characteristics and influencing factors of urban residents' housing stratification in China:Based on the microcosmic survey data in Tianjin[J]. Urban Development Studies, 2018,25(4):116-124.]
[9]
Chen J, Wu Y, Li H. Vocational status, hukou and housing migrants in the new century:Evidence from a multi-city study of housing inequality[J]. Social Indicators Research, 2018,139(1):309-325.
[10]
林李月,朱宇,林坤.跨地区生计及其变迁视角下流动人口城镇住房分层的特征及其影响因素[J].地理研究,2022,41(7):1948-1962.[Lin Liyue, Zhu Yu, Lin Kun. Characteristics and determinants of the floating population's urban housing stratification in China:From the perspective of multi-locational household arrangements and their changes[J]. Geographical Research, 2022,41(7):1948-1962.]
[11]
宋伟轩,吴启焰,朱喜钢.新时期南京居住空间分异研究[J].地理学报,2010,65(6):685-694.[Song Weixuan, Wu Qiyan, Zhu Xigang. Residential differentiation of Nanjing in the new period[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2010,65(6):685-694.]
[12]
宋伟轩,毛宁,陈培阳,等.基于住宅价格视角的居住分异耦合机制与时空特征——以南京为例[J].地理学报,2017,72(4):589-602.[Song Weixuan, Mao Ning, Chen Peiyang, et al. Coupling mechanism and spatial-temporal pattern of residential differentiation from the perspective of housing prices:A case study of Nanjing[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017,72(4):589-602.]
[13]
王洋,张虹鸥,金利霞,等.中国城市社会阶层空间化评价的思路与方法[J].人文地理,2017,32(6):15-23.[Wang Yang, Zhang Hongou, Jin Lixia, et al. Anapproach of spatial evaluation of social stratification in Chinese city[J]. Human Geography, 2017,32(6):15-23.]
[14]
陆学艺.中国当代十大社会阶层[J].学习与实践,2002(3):55-64.[Lu Xueyi. Ten social strata in contemporary China[J]. Study and Practice, 2002(3):55-64.]
[15]
张广利,濮敏雅,赵云亭.从职业到住房:社会分层载体的具象化[J].浙江社会科学, 2020(3):73-79.[Zhang Guangli, Pu Minya, Zhao Yunting. From occupation to housing:The transformation of social stratification logic[J]. Zhejiang Social Sciences, 2020(3):73-79.]
[16]
Saunders P. Beyond housing classes:The sociological significance of private property rights in means of consumption[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 1984,8(2):202-227.
[17]
BianY, Logan J R. Market transition and the persistence of power:The changing stratification system in urban China[J]. American Sociological Review, 1996,61(5):739-758.
[18]
吴启焰,崔功豪.南京市居住空间分异特征及其形成机制[J].城市规划,1999,23(12):23-26.[Wu Qiyan, Cui Gonghao. The differential characteristics of residential space in Nanjing and its mechanism[J]. City Planning Review, 1999,23(12):23-26.]
[19]
李斌,王凯.中国社会分层研究的新视角城市住房权利的转移[J].探索与争鸣,2010(4):41-45.[Li Bin, Wang Kai. A new perspective of social stratification research in China:Transfer of urban housing rights[J]. Exploration and Free Views, 2010(4):41-45.]
[20]
Wu Q M, Wallace M. Hukou stratification, class structure, and earnings in transitional China[J]. Chinese Sociological Review, 2021, 53(3):223-253.
[21]
毛小平.购房:制度变迁下的住房分层与自我选择性流动[J].社会,2014,34(2):118-139.[Mao Xiaoping. House purchasing:Housing stratification and self-selected mobility in institutional transition[J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2014,34(2):118-139.]
[22]
吴开泽.房改进程、生命历程与城市住房产权获得(1980-2010年)[J].社会学研究, 2017, 32(5):64-89.[Wu Kaizhe. Housing reform, life course and urban housing acquisition (1980-2010)[J]. Sociological Studies,2017,32(5):64-89.]
[23]
Chen G. The heterogeneity of housing-tenure choice in urban China:A case study based in Guangzhou[J]. Urban Studies, 2015,53(5):957-977.
[24]
Hamnett C. The changing social structure of global cities:Professionalisation, proletarianisation or polarisation[J]. Urban Studies, 2021,58(5):1050-1066.
[25]
Tammaru T, Czak S M, Aunap R, et al. Relationship between income inequality and residential segregation of socio-economic groups[J]. Regional Studies, 2020,54(4):450-461.
[26]
Wang F, Zhang C. Housing differentiation and subjective social status of Chinese urban homeowners:Evidence from CLDS[J]. Housing Studies, 2021,36(4):567-591.
[27]
张传勇,罗峰,黄芝兰.住房属性嬗变与城市居民阶层认同:基于消费分层的研究视域[J].社会学研究,2020,35(4):104-127.[Zhang Chuanyong, Luo Feng, Huang Zhilan. Evolution of Chinese urban housing attributes and residents' class self-identity:From the perspective of consumption stratification[J]. Sociological Studies, 2020,35(4):104-127.]
[28]
吴开泽.住房市场化与住房不平等——基于CHIP和CFPS数据的研究[J].社会学研究,2019,34(6):89-114.[Wu Kaize. Housing marketization and housing inequality:A study based on CHIP and CFPS data[J]. Sociological Studies, 2019,34(6):89-114.
[29]
王洋,金利霞,张虹鸥,等.广州市居民住房条件的空间分异格局与形成机制[J].地理科学, 2017, 37(6):868-875.[Wang Yang, Jin Lixia, Zhang Hongou, et al. The spatial differentiation pattern and formation mechanism of housing conditions in Guangzhou city, China[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017,37(6):868-875.]
[30]
黄琴诗,刘丽艳,叶玲,等.大城市居住社会-空间分异格局与耦合模式研究——以南京、杭州为例[J].地理研究,2022,41(8):2125-2141.[Hang Qinshi, Liu Liyan, Ye Ling, et al. The pattern and coupling model of residential socio-spatial differentiation in metropolis:A comparative study of Nanjing and Hangzhou[J]. Geographical Research, 2022,41(8):2125-2141.]
[31]
宋伟轩,黄琴诗,谷跃,等.宁杭城市多时空尺度居住空间分异与比较[J].地理学报,2021,76(10):2458-2476.[Song Weixuan, Huang Qinshi, Gu Yue, et al. A comparison study on residential differentiation at multiple spatial and temporal scales in Nanjing and Hangzhou[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021,76(10):2458-2476.]
[32]
徐旳,徐彦.1928-2017年南京城市户籍人口时空格局演变[J].地理学报,2022,77(10):2439-2456.[Xu Di, Xu Yan. Spatio-temporal pattern of registered population in Nanjing during the past century[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2022,77(10):2439-2456.]
[33]
HuangY Q, ClarkW A V. Housing tenure choice in transitional urban China:A multilevel analysis[J]. Urban Studies, 2002,39(1):7-32.
[34]
Fang Y P, Liu Z L, Chen Y L. Housing inequality in urban China:Theoretical debates, empirical evidences, and future directions[J]. Journal of Planning Literature, 2020,35(1):41-53.
[35]
ChenJ H, Wu Y, Guo F, et al. Domestic property and housing class in contemporary urban China[J]. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 2018,33(1):91-109.
[36]
穆学英,崔璨,崔军茹,等.中国流动人口的跨等级流动及其对流入城市住房选择的影响[J].地理学报,2022,77(2):395-410.[Mu Xueying, Cui Can, Cui Junru, et al. Hierarchical migration patterns of China's floating population and their impact on the housing choices[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2022,77(2):395-410.]
[37]
杨永春,谭一洺,黄幸,等.基于文化价值观的中国城市居民住房选择——以成都市为例[J].地理学报,2012,67(6):841-852.[Yang Yongchun, Tan Yiming, Huang Xing, et al. Housing choice of urban residents in China based on the transformation of cultural values:A case study in Chengdu[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012, 67(6):841-852.]
[38]
Walder A G, He X. Public housing into private assets:Wealth creation in urban China[J]. Social Science Research, 2014,46(7):85-99.
[39]
Wang F, Wang D. Changes in residential satisfaction after home relocation:A longitudinal study in Beijing, China[J]. Urban Studies, 2020,57(3):583-601.
[40]
谭日辉.当代中国城市居民居住状况对阶层认同与生活质量的影响分析——基于中国综合调查的实证研究[J].城市发展研究, 2012, 19(10):74-79.[Tan Rihui. On contemporary Chinese urban residents living situation analysis of class identity and life quality based on Chinese general social survey research[J]. Urban Studies, 19(10):74-79.]
[41]
张海东,杨城晨.住房与城市居民的阶层认同:基于北京、上海、广州的研究[J].社会学研究,2017,32(5):39-63.[ZhangHaidong, Yang Chengchen. Housing and the class identity of urban residents:A study based on data from Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou[J]. Sociological Studies, 2017,32(5):39-63.]
[42]
Wang D, He S, Webster C, et al. Unravelling residential satisfaction and relocation intention in three urban neighborhood types in Guangzhou, China[J]. Habitat International, 2019,85(5):53-62.
[43]
谭一洺,杨永春,李甜甜.基于居民属性视角的转型期中国城市居民住宅区位选择研究——以成都市为例[J].地域研究与开发, 2015, 34(2):75-80.[Tan Yiming, Yang Yongchun, Li Tiantian. Research on housing location choice of Chinese urban residents based on the resident individual needs in the transition period:A case study of Chengdu[J]. Areal Research and Development, 2015, 34(2):75-80.]
