Abstract：Urbanization, a process of transformation from agriculture population to non-agriculture population, from rural area to urban area, from agriculture activities to non-agriculture activities, is a reflection of country's social-economic development. Based on the essential meaning of urbanization, this paper established the comprehensive evaluation system of urbanization from four aspects: population urbanization, economic urbanization, land urbanization and society urbanization. As the typical cities of China and foreign countries, Shanghai and Tokyo are chosen as study areas of this paper. Papers reviews show that many researchers are focusing on the urbanization level and its driving forces of unique districts or countries, studies about chinese and foreign countries' urbanization comparison in a long period are little. Therefore, this comparative study is made to learn from the successful experiences of developed countries and explore the driving forces of different stages of urbanization to make better and fast development of urbanization. Using multiple linear regression analysis to build multiple linear regression model of Shanghai and Tokyo, comparative analysis is made between Shanghai and Tokyo's driving forces and characteristics of urbanization development phases. The result shows that Shanghai, whose urbanization progress is characterized by economic growth and urban land extension, is in its urbanization continuous development stage currently and human urbanization and social urbanization have less effects on Shanghai's comprehensive urbanization progress. However, Tokyo is in the urbanization stable development stage and the increasing growth of economic and the improvement of social service system are the main characters of its' urbanization, while land urbanization and population urbanization ranked the second.
汪莹, 陆林, 黄剑锋, 邓洪波. 上海、东京城市化进程及动力因子比较研究[J]. 人文地理, 2017, 32(3): 77-85.
WANG Ying, LU Lin, HUANG Jian-feng, DENG Hong-bo. URBANIZATION PROGRESS AND DRIVING FORCES OF URBANIZATION LEVEL: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SHANGHAI AND TOKYO. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, 2017, 32(3): 77-85.
仇保兴.第三次城市化浪潮中的中国范例——中国快速城市化的 特点、问题与对策[J].城市规划,2007,31(6):9-15. [Qiu Baoxing. China paradigm in the third urbanization wave: Characteristics, problem and strategies of China's fast urbanization[J]. Urban Planning, 2007,31(6):9-15.]
[2]
仇保兴.生态文明时代的村镇规划与建设[EB/OL].(2009-02-28)[2015-05-15]. http://www.mohurd. gov. cn/jsbfld/200903/t20090316_187287.html. [Qiu Baoxing. Rural planning and construction of ecological civilization era [EB/OL]. (2009-02-28)[2015-05-15. http://www.mohurd. gov. cn/jsbfld/200903/t20090316 _ 187287.html.]
[3]
王亚力,彭保发,熊建新,等.2001 年以来环洞庭湖区经济城镇化与 人口城镇化进程的对比研究[J]. 地理科学,2014,34(1):67-75.[Wang Yali, Peng Baofa, Xiong Jianxin, et al. The economy urbanization and population urbanization of Dongting lake area in China since 2001[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2014,34(1):67-75.]
[4]
龙翠红,易承志.新型城镇化与城市发展方式转型:动因分析与路 径选择[J]. 经济问题探索,2014,35(7):28-36. [Long Cuihong, Yi Chengzhi. The new urbanization and urban development transformation: Motivation analysis and path choose[J]. Inquiry into Economic Issues, 2014,35(7):28-36.]
[5]
方创琳,王德利.中国城市化发展质量的综合测度与提升路径[J]. 地理科学,2011,30(11):1931-1946. [Fang Chuanglin, Wang Deli. Comprehensive measures and improvement of Chinese urbanization development quality[J]. Geographical Science, 2011,30(11):1931-1946.]
[6]
欧向军,甄峰,叶磊,等.江苏省城市化质量的区域差异时空分析[J]. 人文地理,2012,27(5):76-82. [Ou Xiangjun, Zhen Feng, Ye Lei, et al. Temporal and spatial analysis of regional differences of urbanization quality in Jiangsu province[J]. Human Greography, 2012,27(5): 76-82.]
[7]
凌筱舒,王立,薛德升.江西县域城镇化水平测度及其分异研究[J]. 人文地理,2014,29(3):89-95. [Ling Xiaoshu, Wang Li, Xue Desheng. A study of the county-level urbanization and its differentiation in Jiangxi province[J]. Human Geography, 2014,29(3):89-95.]
[8]
欧向军,甄峰,秦永东,等.区域城市化水平综合测度及其理想动力 分析——以江苏省为例[J].地理研究,2008,27(5):993-1002. [Ou Xiangjun, Zhen Feng, Qin Yongdong, et al. Study on comprehension level and ideal impetus of regional urbanization: The case of Jiangsu province[J]. Geographical Research, 2008,27(5):993-1002.]
[17]
Ho K C. The neighborhood in the creative economy: Policy, practice and place in Singapore[J]. Urban Studies, 2009,46(5/6):1187-1201.
[9]
陈明星,陆大道,张华.中国城市化水平的综合测度及其动力因子 分析[J].地理学报,2009,64(4):387-398. [Chen Mingxing, Lu Dadao, Zhang Hua. Comprehensive evaluation and the driving factors of China's urbanization[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009,64(4): 387-398.]
[10]
杨虹.中国自上而下城市化与自下而上城市化制度安排比较[J]. 华中理工大学学报(社会科学版), 2000,14(2):77-79. [Yang Hong. Comparison of systematic arrangement between urbanization from above and urbanization from below in China[J]. Journal of HUST (Social Science Edition), 2000,14(2):77-79.]
[11]
崔功豪.中国自下而上城市化的发展及机制[J].地理学报,1999,54 (2):106-115. [Cui Gonghao. Urbanization from below in China: Its development and mechanisms[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1999,54 (2):106-115.]
[12]
宁越敏.新城市化进程——90 年代中国城市化动力机制和特点探 讨[J].地理学报,1998,53(5):470-477. [Ning Yuemin. New progress of urbanization: Dynamics and features of urbanization in China since 1990[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1998,53(5):470-477.]
[13]
陈可嘉,臧永生,李成.福建省产业结构演进对城市化的动态影响[J].城市问题,2012,31(12):58-62. [Chen Kejia, Zang Yongsheng, Li Cheng. Dynamic effects of industrial structure evolution on urbanization in Fujian[J]. Urban Problems, 2012,31(12):58-62.]
[14]
赵德昭.外商直接投资、城市化与劳动力市场的非均衡化发展[J]. 经济学家,2014,26(10):86-93. [Zhao Dezhao. Foreign direct investment, urbanization and unbalanced development of the labor market[J]. The Economist, 2014,26(10):86-93.]
[15]
石忆邵.中国城市化发展态势分析与制度创新[J].城市规划学刊, 2011,18(5):31-36. [Shi Yishao. Urbanization in China: Analysis and institutional innovation[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2011,18(5): 31-36.]
[17]
Ho K C. The neighborhood in the creative economy: Policy, practice and place in Singapore[J]. Urban Studies, 2009,46(5/6):1187-1201.
[16]
赵永平.新型城镇化发展水平综合测度与驱动机制研究——基于 我国省际2000-2010 年的经验分析[J].中国地质大学学报(社会科 学版),2014,14(1):116-124. [Zhao Yongping. Comprehensive measurement and drive mechanism of new urbanization Level-based on the empirical analysis of provinces in China[J]. Journal of China University of Geosciences(Social Sciences Edition), 2014,14(1): 116-124.]
[18]
Clark T N. Urban amenities: Lakes, opera, and juice bars: Do they drive development? [J]. Research in Urban Policy, 2003,20(9):103-140.
[19]
任雪飞.创造阶级的崛起与城市发展的便利性——评理查德·佛 罗里达的《创造阶级的兴起》[J].城市规划学刊,2005,12(1):99-102. [Ren Xuefei. Rise of creative class and convenience of urban development: Review of Richard Florida "Creating rise class"[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2005,12(1): 99-102.]
[20]
虞虎,陆林,朱冬芳,等.城市旅游到城市群旅游的系统研究[J].地 理科学进展, 2012,31(8):1087-1096. [Yu Hu, Lu Lin, Zhu Dongfang, et al. Urban tourism to urban agglomeration tourism: A deepening systematic research[J]. Progress of Geographical Science, 2012,31(8):1087-1096.]
[21]
陈春林,梅林,刘继生,等.国外城市化研究脉络评析[J].世界地理 研究,2011,20(1):70-78. [Chen Chunlin, Mei Lin, Liu Jisheng, et al. Comment and analysis on the review of urbanization abroad[J]. World Regional Research, 2011,20(1):70-78.]
[18]
Clark T N. Urban amenities: Lakes, opera, and juice bars: Do they drive development? [J]. Research in Urban Policy, 2003,20(9):103-140.
[17]
Ho K C. The neighborhood in the creative economy: Policy, practice and place in Singapore[J]. Urban Studies, 2009,46(5/6):1187-1201.
[19]
任雪飞.创造阶级的崛起与城市发展的便利性——评理查德·佛 罗里达的《创造阶级的兴起》[J].城市规划学刊,2005,12(1):99-102. [Ren Xuefei. Rise of creative class and convenience of urban development: Review of Richard Florida "Creating rise class"[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2005,12(1): 99-102.]
[22]
谢文蕙,邓卫.城市经济学(第二版)[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 2008:38-45. [Xie Wenhui, Deng Wei. Urban Economics (The Second Edition)[M]. Beijing:Tsinghua University Press, 2008:38-45.]
[23]
何志扬.城市化道路国际比较研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2009:100-104. [He Zhiyang. An International Comparative Study on the Paths of Urbanization[D]. Wuhan: Wuhan University, 2009:100-104.]
[20]
虞虎,陆林,朱冬芳,等.城市旅游到城市群旅游的系统研究[J].地 理科学进展, 2012,31(8):1087-1096. [Yu Hu, Lu Lin, Zhu Dongfang, et al. Urban tourism to urban agglomeration tourism: A deepening systematic research[J]. Progress of Geographical Science, 2012,31(8):1087-1096.]
[24]
刘秉泰,卢明华,李涛.东京工业结构演化模式及其驱动力研究[J]. 世界地理研究,2003,12(1):86-92. [Liu Bingtai, Lu Minghua, Li Tao. Study on the mode and driving forces of the evolution of industrial structure in Tokyo[J]. World Regional Research, 2003,12 (1):86-92.]
[21]
陈春林,梅林,刘继生,等.国外城市化研究脉络评析[J].世界地理 研究,2011,20(1):70-78. [Chen Chunlin, Mei Lin, Liu Jisheng, et al. Comment and analysis on the review of urbanization abroad[J]. World Regional Research, 2011,20(1):70-78.]
[22]
谢文蕙,邓卫.城市经济学(第二版)[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 2008:38-45. [Xie Wenhui, Deng Wei. Urban Economics (The Second Edition)[M]. Beijing:Tsinghua University Press, 2008:38-45.]
[23]
何志扬.城市化道路国际比较研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2009:100-104. [He Zhiyang. An International Comparative Study on the Paths of Urbanization[D]. Wuhan: Wuhan University, 2009:100-104.]
[25]
陈彦光.基于EXCEL 的地理数据分析[M].北京:科学出版社, 2010:85-89. [Chen Yanguang. Geographical Statistics Analysis based on Excel[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2010:85-89.]
[24]
刘秉泰,卢明华,李涛.东京工业结构演化模式及其驱动力研究[J]. 世界地理研究,2003,12(1):86-92. [Liu Bingtai, Lu Minghua, Li Tao. Study on the mode and driving forces of the evolution of industrial structure in Tokyo[J]. World Regional Research, 2003,12 (1):86-92.]
[25]
陈彦光.基于EXCEL 的地理数据分析[M].北京:科学出版社, 2010:85-89. [Chen Yanguang. Geographical Statistics Analysis based on Excel[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2010:85-89.]
[26]
陈彦光.城市化水平增长曲线的类型、分段和研究方法[J]. 地 理科学,2012,32(1):12-17. [Chen Yanguang. On the urbanization curves: Types, stages and research methods[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2012,32(1):12-17.]
[26]
陈彦光.城市化水平增长曲线的类型、分段和研究方法[J]. 地 理科学,2012,32(1):12-17. [Chen Yanguang. On the urbanization curves: Types, stages and research methods[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2012,32(1):12-17.]
[18]
Clark T N. Urban amenities: Lakes, opera, and juice bars: Do they drive development? [J]. Research in Urban Policy, 2003,20(9):103-140.
[27]
王向.城市化进程与服务业发展的动态互动关系研究——来自上 海的经验(1949-2010)[J]. 上海经济研究,2013,33(3):125-134.[Wang Xiang. On the dynamic interaction between urbanization and growth of service sector: A case study of Shanghai(1949-2010)[J]. Shanghai Journal of Economics, 2013,33(3):125-134.]
[27]
王向.城市化进程与服务业发展的动态互动关系研究——来自上 海的经验(1949-2010)[J]. 上海经济研究,2013,33(3):125-134.[Wang Xiang. On the dynamic interaction between urbanization and growth of service sector: A case study of Shanghai(1949-2010)[J]. Shanghai Journal of Economics, 2013,33(3):125-134.]
[28]
尹占娥,殷杰,许世远,等.转型期上海城市化时空格局演化及驱动 力分析[J].中国软科学,2011,34(2):101-109. [Yin Zhane, Yin Jie, Xu Shiyuan, et al. Transformation of Shanghai urbanization spatial temporal pattern[J]. China Soft Science, 2011,34(2):101-109.]
[28]
尹占娥,殷杰,许世远,等.转型期上海城市化时空格局演化及驱动 力分析[J].中国软科学,2011,34(2):101-109. [Yin Zhane, Yin Jie, Xu Shiyuan, et al. Transformation of Shanghai urbanization spatial temporal pattern[J]. China Soft Science, 2011,34(2):101-109.]
[19]
任雪飞.创造阶级的崛起与城市发展的便利性——评理查德·佛 罗里达的《创造阶级的兴起》[J].城市规划学刊,2005,12(1):99-102. [Ren Xuefei. Rise of creative class and convenience of urban development: Review of Richard Florida "Creating rise class"[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2005,12(1): 99-102.]
[20]
虞虎,陆林,朱冬芳,等.城市旅游到城市群旅游的系统研究[J].地 理科学进展, 2012,31(8):1087-1096. [Yu Hu, Lu Lin, Zhu Dongfang, et al. Urban tourism to urban agglomeration tourism: A deepening systematic research[J]. Progress of Geographical Science, 2012,31(8):1087-1096.]
[21]
陈春林,梅林,刘继生,等.国外城市化研究脉络评析[J].世界地理 研究,2011,20(1):70-78. [Chen Chunlin, Mei Lin, Liu Jisheng, et al. Comment and analysis on the review of urbanization abroad[J]. World Regional Research, 2011,20(1):70-78.]
[29]
王玉珊.日本教育及其在经济发展中的作用研究[D].大连:东北财 经大学,2012:30-31. [Wang Yushan. Japanese Education Research and its Role in Economic Development[D]. Dalian: North-East China University of Finance and Economics, 2012:30-31.]
[29]
王玉珊.日本教育及其在经济发展中的作用研究[D].大连:东北财 经大学,2012:30-31. [Wang Yushan. Japanese Education Research and its Role in Economic Development[D]. Dalian: North-East China University of Finance and Economics, 2012:30-31.]
[30]
陆大道,姚士谋.中国城市化进程的科学思辨[J].人文地理,2007,22 (4):1-6. [Lu Dadao, Yao Shimou. A scientific thought about urbanization progress in China[J]. Human Geography, 2007,22(4):1-6.]
[30]
陆大道,姚士谋.中国城市化进程的科学思辨[J].人文地理,2007,22 (4):1-6. [Lu Dadao, Yao Shimou. A scientific thought about urbanization progress in China[J]. Human Geography, 2007,22(4):1-6.]
[22]
谢文蕙,邓卫.城市经济学(第二版)[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 2008:38-45. [Xie Wenhui, Deng Wei. Urban Economics (The Second Edition)[M]. Beijing:Tsinghua University Press, 2008:38-45.]
[31]
俞慰刚,秦建刚.日本社会城市化的历史轨迹——以战后东京城市 发展过程中的城乡社会互动为中心[J].华东理工大学学报(社会 科学版),2009,16(1):96-102. [Yu Weigang, Qin Jianggang. A historic track of the social urbanization in Japan[J]. Journal of HUST Social Science Edition, 2009,16(1):96-102.]
[31]
俞慰刚,秦建刚.日本社会城市化的历史轨迹——以战后东京城市 发展过程中的城乡社会互动为中心[J].华东理工大学学报(社会 科学版),2009,16(1):96-102. [Yu Weigang, Qin Jianggang. A historic track of the social urbanization in Japan[J]. Journal of HUST Social Science Edition, 2009,16(1):96-102.]
[23]
何志扬.城市化道路国际比较研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2009:100-104. [He Zhiyang. An International Comparative Study on the Paths of Urbanization[D]. Wuhan: Wuhan University, 2009:100-104.]
[24]
刘秉泰,卢明华,李涛.东京工业结构演化模式及其驱动力研究[J]. 世界地理研究,2003,12(1):86-92. [Liu Bingtai, Lu Minghua, Li Tao. Study on the mode and driving forces of the evolution of industrial structure in Tokyo[J]. World Regional Research, 2003,12 (1):86-92.]
[25]
陈彦光.基于EXCEL 的地理数据分析[M].北京:科学出版社, 2010:85-89. [Chen Yanguang. Geographical Statistics Analysis based on Excel[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2010:85-89.]
[32]
仝利民.日本护理保险制度及其对上海的启示[D].上海:华东师范 大学,2008:128. [Tong Limin. Japanese Nursing Care Insurance System and Its Revelation for Shanghai[D]. Shanghai: East China University, 2008:128.]
[32]
仝利民.日本护理保险制度及其对上海的启示[D].上海:华东师范 大学,2008:128. [Tong Limin. Japanese Nursing Care Insurance System and Its Revelation for Shanghai[D]. Shanghai: East China University, 2008:128.]
[33]
刘庆宝,未良莉.我国经济增长的源动力:"三驾马车"对我国经济 增长拉动作用的实证研究[J].特区经济,2007,22(12):257-258. [Liu Qingbao, Wei Liangli. Source of China's economic growth: "Troika" an empirical study of China's economic growth stimulating effect[J]. Special Zone Economy, 2007,22(12):257-258.]
[33]
刘庆宝,未良莉.我国经济增长的源动力:"三驾马车"对我国经济 增长拉动作用的实证研究[J].特区经济,2007,22(12):257-258. [Liu Qingbao, Wei Liangli. Source of China's economic growth: "Troika" an empirical study of China's economic growth stimulating effect[J]. Special Zone Economy, 2007,22(12):257-258.]
[34]
贺孟萌.城市土地经济密度的时空特征及影响因素研究——以山 东省为例[D].济南:山东师范大学,2012:8-15. [He Mengmeng. The Research of the Spatiaotemporal Characteristics and Influencing Factors of the Urban Land Economics Density: A Case Study of Shandong Province[D]. Jinan: Shandong Normal University, 2012: 8-15.]
[34]
贺孟萌.城市土地经济密度的时空特征及影响因素研究——以山 东省为例[D].济南:山东师范大学,2012:8-15. [He Mengmeng. The Research of the Spatiaotemporal Characteristics and Influencing Factors of the Urban Land Economics Density: A Case Study of Shandong Province[D]. Jinan: Shandong Normal University, 2012: 8-15.]
[26]
陈彦光.城市化水平增长曲线的类型、分段和研究方法[J]. 地 理科学,2012,32(1):12-17. [Chen Yanguang. On the urbanization curves: Types, stages and research methods[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2012,32(1):12-17.]
[35]
顾朝林,柴彦威,蔡建明,等.中国城市地理[M].北京:商务印书馆, 2013:109-115. [Gu Chaolin, Chai Yanwei, Cai Jianming, et al. Chinese Urban Geography[M]. Beijing: Commercial Press, 2013:109-115.]
[35]
顾朝林,柴彦威,蔡建明,等.中国城市地理[M].北京:商务印书馆, 2013:109-115. [Gu Chaolin, Chai Yanwei, Cai Jianming, et al. Chinese Urban Geography[M]. Beijing: Commercial Press, 2013:109-115.]
[27]
王向.城市化进程与服务业发展的动态互动关系研究——来自上 海的经验(1949-2010)[J]. 上海经济研究,2013,33(3):125-134.[Wang Xiang. On the dynamic interaction between urbanization and growth of service sector: A case study of Shanghai(1949-2010)[J]. Shanghai Journal of Economics, 2013,33(3):125-134.]
[36]
郭呈全,陈希镇.主成分回归的SPSS 实现[J].统计与决策,2011,26 (5):157-159. [Guo Chengquan, Chen Xizhen. Principal Component Regression using SPSS[J]. Statistics and Decision, 2011,26(5):157-159.]
[36]
郭呈全,陈希镇.主成分回归的SPSS 实现[J].统计与决策,2011,26 (5):157-159. [Guo Chengquan, Chen Xizhen. Principal Component Regression using SPSS[J]. Statistics and Decision, 2011,26(5):157-159.]
[37]
付磊.转型中的大都市空间结构及其演化——上海城市空间结构 演变的研究[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2012:49-58. [Fu Lei. Metropolitan Spatial Structure Transition and Its Evolution: Shanghai City Spatial Structure Evolution Research[M]. Beijing: China Building Industry Press, 2012:49-58.]
[37]
付磊.转型中的大都市空间结构及其演化——上海城市空间结构 演变的研究[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2012:49-58. [Fu Lei. Metropolitan Spatial Structure Transition and Its Evolution: Shanghai City Spatial Structure Evolution Research[M]. Beijing: China Building Industry Press, 2012:49-58.]
[28]
尹占娥,殷杰,许世远,等.转型期上海城市化时空格局演化及驱动 力分析[J].中国软科学,2011,34(2):101-109. [Yin Zhane, Yin Jie, Xu Shiyuan, et al. Transformation of Shanghai urbanization spatial temporal pattern[J]. China Soft Science, 2011,34(2):101-109.]
[38]
周振华.崛起中的全球城市——理论框架及中国模式研究[M].上 海:上海人民出版社,2008:151. [Zhou Zhenhua. Rise of Global City: Theoretical Framework and Chinese Model[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Press, 2008:151.]
[38]
周振华.崛起中的全球城市——理论框架及中国模式研究[M].上 海:上海人民出版社,2008:151. [Zhou Zhenhua. Rise of Global City: Theoretical Framework and Chinese Model[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Press, 2008:151.]
